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Cellular and Molecular Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

A

The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter (growth and repair)

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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A type of reproduction that creates offspring that is genetically identical to the parent; only one parent

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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4
Q

Stomatic cells

A

non-reproductive cells; have two sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells - sperm and egg; have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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6
Q

Sister chromatids

A

joined copies of an original chromosome; attached along their lengths by cohesins

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7
Q

Centromere

A

the narrow “wait” of the sister chromatids where the two are most closely attached

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

the division of genetic material in the nucleus

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

1) mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
2) interphase

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11
Q

Parts of Interphase

A

1)First Gap (G1)
2) Synthesis phase (S)
3)Second Gap (G2)

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12
Q

First Gap

A

G1; cell growth, protein/enzyme/nutrient synthesis

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13
Q

synthesis phase

A

DNA replication

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14
Q

Second Gap

A

G2; organelle synthesis; edit new DNA

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15
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

1) Prophase
1.5) Prometaphase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

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16
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses; sister chromatids are formed; Mitotic spindles are formed

17
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down; microtubules connect to sister chromatid’s kinetochore

18
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister Chromatids line up along the middle of the cell

19
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart and brought to opposite sides of the cell

20
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

The cell breaks apart into two cells (original and the daughter cell)

21
Q

Centrosome

A

a cellular organelle that helps organize microtubules

22
Q

Kinetochore

A

the place on the chromosome where the microtubules connect

23
Q

Metaphase plate

A

an imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres at which the chromosomes line up on during metaphase

24
Q

Binary fission

A

“division in half”; refers to the process of Prokaryotes that double in side and then divides to form two cells

24
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Similar to a clock and has checkpoints along it (G1, M, and G2)

25
Q

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

Two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control; the activity of a Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner

26
Q

MPF

A

maturation-promoting factor; a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

27
Q

G0 phase

A

A phase of a cell that is a non-dividing state; occurs when the cell does not receive a green-light from the G1 checkpoint

28
Q

Enzyme seprase

A

a protease enzyme that plays a critical role in cell division by separating sister chromatids during mitosis

29
Q

growth factor

A

A protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

30
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing; an example of an external physical factor

31
Q

anchorage dependence

A

The property of most animal cells that it must be attached to something to be able to divide

32
Q

Transformation

A

the process in which cells in culture acquire the ability to divide indefinitely, causing them to behave like cancer cells

33
Q

Benign tumors

A

A tumor that remain at the original site if their genetic and cellular changes do not allow them to move to or survive at another site

34
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

35
Q

Malignant tumor

A

includes cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs

Cellular and Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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