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Environmental Science > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Northern China and Southern China have a water divide, who has more water?

A

Southern China

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2
Q

People harvesting natural resources to provide themselves with food, shelter, tools, fuel, and clothing is what use?

A

Consumptive use

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3
Q

Exploitation of ecosystem resources for economic gain (e.g., sales of timber or fish)

A

Productive use

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4
Q

Maximum sustainable yield?

A

The most you can take from a population without destroying it’s long term survival

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5
Q

Growth of population minus mortality is?

A

What you can take or natural increase

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6
Q

One intersection or more between growth and mortality + harvest means?

A

Equal equilibrium

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7
Q

What is open access?

A

When a species finds it in their best interest to overexploit as many resources as possible.

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8
Q

An ecological problem where individuals have access to a shared resource and act in their own interest, at the expense of other individuals, is called?

A

The Tragedy of the commons

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9
Q

What creates open access?

A

A lack of laws or government intervention

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10
Q

What continents have the most destruction of forests?

A

South America & Africa.

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11
Q

What areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010 and why?

A

China and Europe as they realized their practices weren’t sustainable.

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12
Q

Most deforestation is used to convert forests into?

A

Agricultural Land and Pastures

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13
Q

Land productivity, biodiversity, tree’s nutrients and biomass are decreased. Soil is prone to erosion. CO2 is increased. No more forest products, hydrologic cycle is change, and people who depend on harvesting forest products lose their livelihood as a result of?

A

Clear-cutting

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14
Q

Out of clear-cutting which requires no active management or skill, selective cutting, and shelter wood cutting, what is sustainable and define the latter terms?

A

Shelter wood cutting which cuts mature and selective cutting which cuts small groups of mature trees in a period of 10-20 years are sustainable.

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15
Q

Forests are to be managed as ecosystems, with the objectives of maintaining the biodiversity and integrity of the ecosystem, but also to meet the social, economic, cultural, and spiritual needs of present and future generations.

A

Sustainable forestry Management

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16
Q

What can contribute to excessive harvesting?

A

Modern technology

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17
Q

Ecosystem management by the U.S. Forest Service has involved cutting trees at 200-year intervals since?

A

1990

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18
Q

Were there more are fewer trees in the USA in 1920 than today?

A

less

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19
Q

What type of land in the USA is being protected from deforestation?

A

Government owned land

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20
Q

Out of the interior west, south, pacific coast, and the north, which of these has experienced forest cover growth?

A

The North

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21
Q

What well known department store is in agreement with the forest stewardship council?

A

Home Depot

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22
Q

Has aqua cultural or world capture of fish gone up? What country leads in Aqua Culture?

A

Aqua Culture and China

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23
Q

In 1609 Hugo Grotius had what false theory about fishing from the sea as opposed to fishing from rivers or land hunting?

A

That it was impossible to overfish the sea.

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24
Q

Why didn’t the USA ratify the law of the sea in 1982?

A

Because they didn’t want to set aside seabed for other countries

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25
Q

What percent of fish stocks are fully exploited, over exploited and depleted respectively?

A

52%, 16% and 8% respectively

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26
Q

Potential profits from fishing have been diverted into excess?

A

Investment because of the race for fish.

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27
Q

During world war two, what type of whales were seriously depleted?

A

Blue whale, humpback whale, fin whale and sperm whale.

28
Q

Japan and Norway are still engaged in commercial whaling, what country used to but recently stopped?

A

Ice land

29
Q

Indigenous people still hunt whales, such as Eskimos in Alaska how do they hunt whales and name two other places where this occurs?

A

Russia and Greenland. They harvest Bowhead whales by throwing a harpoon and chasing the whale while on a small boat.

30
Q

What kind of whales does Japan and Norway hunt?

A

Minke Whale mainly

31
Q

Why are bowhead whales targeted by indigenous people?

A

Because they are slow and don’t sink

32
Q

What is an ideal number for a whale population for fishing and what is considered unideal, and give examples for both.

A

90% is ideal, such as bowhead whales, while 50% or less is bad, such as blue whale 50%, fin whale 21%, and humpback whale 3%.

33
Q

The NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration monitored whaling in Alaska until they diverted it to?

A

AEWC Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission

34
Q

The AEWC Management Plan governs the whales, and the AEWC reports to?

A

The NOAA

35
Q

Since when has the AEWC has shown the effectiveness of cooperative management? The whalers are justly proud of their record of sound management, supporting research, and of improving whaling. Better methods for estimating the population of bowheads have helped the whalers secure an increased quota, one based on the established historic need of the whaling communities.

A

1981

36
Q

Is bow head whale population increasing or decreasing, and what is the average amount indigenous people are catching?

A

It is increasing currently at 17,000 and around 50 caught in a year

37
Q

Why do presumably intelligent humans sometimes/often manage resources in such a non-sustainable manner?

A

Overcapitalization e.g. Fishermen spend/borrow money for fishing, and they have to earn back their money or pay off loans

38
Q

When the resource is large, and in the absence of regulation, many people enter the fishery. In the short term they catch many fish, but

A

The resource cannot sustain the effort

39
Q

What was the estimated MSY for sardines in Peru according to IMARPE (instituto del mar del peru) establish 1964?

A

7.5 Mt

40
Q

After California sardine fisheries collapsed due to overfishing, where did they move?

A

To Peru

41
Q

How do purse seiners nets work?

A

The net surrounds a school of fish and is then closed/pursed.

42
Q

Peruvian government nationalizes the fishing industry following the 1972 El Niño. The number of fishing boats was reduced from about 1,500 to what? The number of fishmeal plants was cut from 100 to what? The number of persons employed in the industry was reduced from 25,000 to what?

A

Reduced to 800 fishing boats, 50 fishmeal plants and to 12,000 persons employed.

43
Q

During what period did catches of anchoveta average 7.6 Mt?

A

1990s

44
Q

What is one of the main changes that causes overfishing?

A

Technological

45
Q

Do purse seines or fence weir catch more fish?

A

Purse seines

46
Q

What negatives happens from using trawl nets?

A

The habitat is destroyed by the net when dragged.

47
Q

How is Pacific Salmon manged sustainably in the USA?

A

By issuing a limited number license and limiting how many fish those with licenses can catch.

48
Q

Why did Canada’s catch go down after 1990 though previously for ten years their cod catchers were higher than ever before?

A

Because in 1992 when the stock was in serious trouble, the Canadian government imposed a moratorium that put 30,000 Canadian fishermen out of work.

49
Q

When the moratorium was extended in 1994 12,000 more fishermen and plants workers lost their jobs hurting what area of Canada?

A

Newfoundland

50
Q

In 1993 and 1994 the Canadian government appropriated a billion dollars to assist with what?

A

Social welfare payments and the retraining of dispossessed fishermen and plant workers.

51
Q

Historic cod fishing cuts threaten centuries-old industry where?

A

New England

52
Q

Cod landings from George Banks reached a high of?

A

57,157

53
Q

When was part of George’s Bank closed?

A

December 12, 1994

54
Q

What is the solution to overfishing?

A

Ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management

55
Q

Define Catch shares, a solution to overfishing?

A

Fishery management divides the total allowable fishery catch to individuals, cooperatives, communities, or other entities. Recipients must not exceed their allocation.

56
Q

What provides the most up-to-date sea level rise projections for the U.S. and it’s territories?

A

The Sea Level Rise Technical Report

57
Q

What are the four key takeaways from the sea level rise technical report?

A

By 2050, the sea will rise 10–12 inches, moderate flooding occurring 10x more often, failure to curb emissions can increase the rise and ongoing monitoring is critical as levels rise.

58
Q

Why will corals reefs suffer?

A

Ocean acidification erodes coral reefs

59
Q

Co2 plus H20 equals

A

Carbonic Acid: CO2 + H2O —-> H2CO3

60
Q

What do corals need carbonate for which carbonic acids reacts to? H2CO3 + CO32––> 2HCO3–

A

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

61
Q

What happens to the color of corals as surface waters warm?

A

It bleaches

62
Q

Does a lack of sea urchins increase or decrease algal coverage?

A

Increases Algal Coverage

63
Q

Florida everglades are seriously damaged by?

A

Poor water management

64
Q

It would take 36 years and $11 billion dollars to restore?

A

The Everglades

65
Q

For a few years in the early 2000s, one of the longest rivers in America failed to reach the coast entirely. Less than what percent of the Rio Grande’s, which borders Texas and Mexico, historical flow now reaches the Gulf of Mexico.

A

20%

Environmental Science (5 decks)

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