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Science Yr 9 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a disease?

A

Anything that causes your body to stop working properly

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2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Microscopic, unicellular organisms. They are decompers.

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3
Q

What are bacteria used for?

A

Medicines

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4
Q

What are bad bacteria called?

A

Pathogens

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5
Q

What are some examples of contagious diseases?

A

Tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria

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6
Q

What is quarantine?

A

Isolation from healthy people while you are sick to prevent them from getting sick.

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7
Q

What are bacterial infections treated with?

A

Antibiotics

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8
Q

What are some examples of bacteria entry?

A

Food and water, breathing in, cuts and wounds, sexual contact, other contact

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9
Q

What does the body’s first line of defence do?

A

Stop the pathogen from entering the body

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10
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Skin, fluids like tears and saliva, nose hair and the digestive system

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11
Q

What does the skin do?

A

It works as a barrier against pathogens and protects internal organs

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12
Q

What does fluids do?

A

Contain mild antiseptic properties that can wash away dust and harmful substances

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13
Q

What does the nose hair do?

A

It filters air when it enters in. The rest get trapped by the mucus lining of the trachea

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14
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Pathogens can get killed by the acid in the stomach. Vomiting and diarrhoea are quick ways of getting rid of pathogens

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15
Q

When is the second line of defence activated?

A

When pathogens enter the body tissues

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16
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

Inflammation, histamine from damaged cells and neutrophils (white blood cells)

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17
Q

What is histamine?

A

A chemical that causes more blood to rush to an area

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18
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Consume bacteria. Dead neutrophils cause pus

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19
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

The lymphatic system

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A series of vessels and capillaries that fluid from cells to the heart. Areas of these contain lymph nodes. These contain large amounts of white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages.

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21
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Similart to neutrophils, but live for longer

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22
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Make antibodies. This causes pathogens to clamp together, letting macrophages destroy more pathogens at a time

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23
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

where a dead or weakened version of bacteria is injected it into you.

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24
Q

Why do vaccines work?

A

Your body reacts the same, so it teaches your body how to reach if you ever come into contact with that bacteria.

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25
Q

What is a symptom?

A

An indicator of a disease

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26
Q

How can some diseases be prevented?

A

Hygiene

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27
Q

What is a virus?

A

A type of pathogen, but 100 times smaller than bacteria

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28
Q

What is a difference between a virus and bacteria?

A

They only grow and reproduce once inside the host

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29
Q

Ways to prevent a cold

A

Cover your mouth, wash hands, don’t share personal items with those who are ill, and avoid close contact with those sick

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30
Q

What does the cold virus attack?

A

The lining of the nose and mouth, causing extra mucus to build up

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31
Q

What is the flu?

A

Like a cold but more severe and develops more quickly

32
Q

Characteristics of measles

A
  • Viral
  • Starts with a runny nose and sore eyes
  • Then becomes a rash
  • Serious cases can lead to brain and hearing damage
  • One of the most contagious diseases
33
Q

Characteristics of chickenpox

A
  • Starts with a runny nose and a slight fever
  • Then causes a rash of small, very itchy blisters
  • Can remain inactive in the nervous system for many years
  • Then can reactivate as shingles
34
Q

What are some parasitic diseases?

A

Malaria, amoebic dysentery

35
Q

Characteristics of malaria

A
  • Travelled by mosquitos
  • When mosquitos bite, it stops the blood from clotting
  • Now eradicated from Europe, North America and Australia
36
Q

Characteristics of amoebic dysentery

A
  • Spread by contaminated water
  • Caused when you swallow a cyst containing the parasite
    *Can remain infectious for years
37
Q

What is fungi spread by?

A

Spread by spores

38
Q

Characteristics of spores

A

They are everywhere. After finding a warm, moist environment, they will grow.
On humans, that place is the groin and feet. It is contagious

39
Q

What are some fungal infections?

A

Tinea and thrush

40
Q

Characteristics of tinea

A
  • Grows on hair, skin or nails
  • Grows from the centre, producing a red, inflamed ring
  • Feeds on dead skin cells
  • After it finishes with the dead cells, it will start to attack living cells
  • If not treated, the skin will crack and bleed
  • Can be treated with a fungicide
41
Q

Characteristics of thrush

A
  • White patches on the tongue, cheek, nappy rash for babies
  • Very itchy and uncomfortable
  • Can be caused by antibiotics if the antibiotics kill the bacteria that control fungi
42
Q

How do proteins help us?

A

Growth and repair

43
Q

Where can you get proteins from?

A

Meat, fish and dairy

44
Q

How do carbs help us?

A

Main source of energy

45
Q

Where can you get carbs from?

A

Starch, sugar, grains, fruit and vegetables

46
Q

How do fats help us?

A

Twice as much energy as carbs

47
Q

Where can you get fats from?

A

Oil, meat and dairy like cheese

48
Q

What are some types of minerals?

A

Iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium

49
Q

How does iron help you?

A

Part of haemoglobin

50
Q

How does calcium and phosphorus help you?

A

Strong bones and teeth, and phosphorus also helps metabolism

51
Q

How does sodium and potassium help you?

A

Balance water content. Needed by muscles and nerves

52
Q

How do vitamins help you?

A

Control chemical reactions

53
Q

How does water help you?

A

Causes chemical reactions of metabolism. Carries nutrients

54
Q

What is in the first food sector?

A

Bread, cereal, rice, pasta, noodles

55
Q

What is in the second food sector?

A

Vegetables, legumes

56
Q

What is in the third food sector?

A

Milk, yoghurt, cheese

57
Q

What is in the fourth food sector?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts

58
Q

What is in the fifth food sector?

A

Fruits

59
Q

What is under-nutrition?

A

When not enough nutrition is present to meet the needs of the body

60
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Where you develop a pot belly because of weak stomach muscles, hair loss, swollen legs and no energy. Caused by lack of protein

61
Q

Scurvy

A

Causes gums to bleed, their teeth to fall out, their joints to become sore and swollen and wounds to be slow to heal. Caused by a lack of vitamin C

62
Q

Rickets

A

Causes bones to remain soft.
When babies learn to walk, they carry their weight for the first time. With rickets, then bones bend outwards. Caused by lack of Vitamin D

63
Q

What can too much salt lead to?

A

Kidneys work overtime, kidney failure and is also linked to high blood pressure

64
Q

What is high blood pressure?

A

When the pressure in the arteries stays high between heartbeats and rest. This strains the artery walls, becoming clogged. The heart pumps even faster to get blood through. It does not produce symptoms

65
Q

What can high blood pressure cause?

A

Heart attack, stroke

66
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

When part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies because of a block in the blood supply

67
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When part of the brain is damaged or dies because of a block in the blood supply

68
Q

Whast does caffeine do?

A

Speeds up the rate at which brain messages are sent around the body

69
Q

What are some side effects to caffeine?

A

Increased breathing and heart rate, restlessness, dizziness and headaches

70
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A lack of insulin. Insulin moves glucose from the blood to the cells. Without it, glucose remains in the blood, causing the energy needed for essential things not to happen.

71
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

The body stops making insulin
Even though they may eat well, they are undernourished because they cannot release energy from foods
They have to regularly test the glucose levels in their blood and then get injected with insulin

72
Q

Type 2 diabetes?

A

The body is resistant to insulin
85-90% of all cases
Glucose levels are permanently high
The glucose can convert to fat, so those people gain weight easily
Can control with exercise and get injected with insulin

73
Q

What is asbestos?

A

A group of fibrous minerals used to strengthen and fireproof material

74
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

A lung disease when breathing in asbestos fibres

75
Q

Symptoms of asbestosis

A
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Persistent dry cough.
  • Chest tightness or chest pain
  • A dry, crackling sound in the lungs while breathing in
76
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

Cancer caused by asbestos

Science Yr 9 (9 decks)

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