Chapter 7 Flashcards
Much of the practice and research conducted by clinical psychologists focuses on ___________________, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology.
Abnormality
What defines abnormality?
- personal distress to the individual
- deviance from cultural norms
- statistical infrequency
- impaired social functioning
_____________________, a renowned scholar in the field of abnormal psychology, offered a theory that put forth a more simplified definition of mental disorders.
Jerome Wakefield
The ______________________________ proposes that in our efforts to determine what is abnormal, we consider both scientific (e.g., evolutionary) data and the social values in the context of which the behavior takes place.
harmful dysfunction theory
In DSM-5, __________________ is defined as a “clinically significant disturbance” in “cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior” that indicates a “dysfunction” in “mental functioning” that is “usually associated with significant distress or disability” in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning
mental disorder
It should come as no surprise that the DSM reflects a/an ___________________________ in which each disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms.
medical model of psychopathology
The first edition of the DSM, published in _____________, was created by the foremost mental health experts of the time, who were almost exclusively white, male, trained in psychiatry, at least middle age, and at least middle class.
1952
This section describes conditions that DSM authors decided to leave out of the list of “official” disorders, at least for now, but to list as “unofficial” conditions for the purpose of inspiring clinicians and researchers to study them more
Propose Criteria Set
________________ wrote extensively about abnormality, but unlike most of his predecessors, he did not offer supernatural explanations such as possession by demons or gods. Instead, his theories of abnormality emphasized natural causes. Specifically, he pointed to an imbalance of bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) as the underlying reason for various forms of mental illness.
Hippocrates
DSM-II followed as a revision in the year _______.
1968
DSM-I and DSM-II contained only three broad categories of disorders namely:
- psychoses
- neuroses
- character disorders
DSM-III, published in ________, was very dissimilar from DSM-I and DSM-II
1980
Unlike DSM I and DSM II, DSM III used specific __________________ to define disorders.
diagnostic criteria
DSM III introduced the _________________________ system that remained in DSM through the next several editions but was dropped in DSM 5.
multiaxial assessment
In the multiaxial assessment, __________ included disorders thought to be more episodic (likely to have beginning and ending points)
Axis I
In the multiaxial assessment, __________ included disorders thought to be more
stable or long-lasting.
Axis II
In the multiaxial assessment, __________ offered clinicians a place to list medical conditions and psychosocial/environmental problems, respectively, relevant to the mental health issues at hand
Axis III and IV
In the multiaxial assessment, Axis V is known as the ___________ scale, provided clinicians an opportunity to place the client on a 100-point continuum describing the overall level of functioning.
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
In _________, DSM-5 was published. It was the first substantial revision of the manual in about 20 years, and it was a massive effort.
May 2013
The publication of DSM 5 was led by two prominent mental health researchers, ________________ and _______________.
David Kupfer and Darrel Regier
It is the primary way that diseases—both mental disorders and all other health-related problems—are coded and categorized in many countries outside the United States
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
A new disorder in DSM-5, which is essentially a severe version of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), including a combination of at least five emotional and physical symptoms occurring in most menstrual cycles during the last year that cause clinically significant distress or interfere with work, school, social life, or relationships with others.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
A new disorder in DSM-5, which is essentially frequent temper tantrums in children 6 to 18 years old (at least three tantrums per week over the course of a year) that are clearly below the expected level of maturity and occur in at least two settings (e.g., home, school, or with friends) along with irritable or angry mood between the temper tantrums. The creation of this new diagnosis was prompted by the drastic increase in the diagnosis (and possible overdiagnosis and overmedication) of bipolar disorder in children in recent decades.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
A new disorder in the DSM-5, which resembles the part of bulimia nervosa in which the person overindulges in food but lacks the part in which the person tries to subtract the calories through compensatory behaviors like excessive exercise.
Binge eating disorder (BED)
