Chapter 2

Question 1

In many parts of the world, including much of the _________ mentally ill were understood to be possessed by evil spirits or they were seen as symptoms of consequence of some reprehensible action or characteristic.

Answer 1

Western Hemoisphere

Question 2

In the year ____ and ____, the mentally ill were generally viewed and treated much more unfavorably that they are today

Answer 2

1700s and 1800s

Question 3

He visited asylums to get a firsthand look; he devoted much of his life to improving these conditions and raised funds to open the York Retreat

Answer 3

William Tuke

Question 4

A residential treatment center where the mentally ill would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency.

Answer 4

York Retreat by Tuke

Question 5

convinced his contemporaries and those with power in France that the mentally ill were not possessed by devils and that they deserved compassion and hope rather that maltreatment and scorn

Answer 5

Philippe Pinel

Question 5

he is a liberator of the mentally ill; he worked successfully to move mentally ill individuals out of dungeons in Paris, where they were held as inmates rather than treated as patients

Answer 5

Philippe Pinel

Question 6

He made sure that the chorus of voices for humane treatment of the mentally ill was also heard on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean; was a physician in Connecticut in 1800

Answer 6

Eli Todd

Question 7

Todd was able to raise funds to open _________, Connecticut, in 1824. Todd ensured that patients were always treated in a humane and dignified way.

Answer 7

The Retreat in Hartford

Question 8

she would travel to a city, collect data on its treatment of the mentally ill, present her data to local community leaders, and persuade them to treat the mentally ill more humanely and adequately; Her efforts resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill

Answer 8

Dorothea Dix

Question 9

____, _____, ____, and ____ did not create clinical psychology. Their efforts do, however, represent a movement prevalent through much of the Western world in the 1700s and 1800s that promoted the fundamental message that people with mental illness deserve respect, understanding, and help rather than contempt, fear, and punishment.

Answer 9

Tuke, Pinel, Todd, and Dix

Question 10

1896, he founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, where he had returned as a professor

Answer 10

Lightner Witmer

Question 11

Witmer also founded the first scholarly journal in the field (called _______) in 1907.

Answer 11

The Psychological Clinic

Question 12

In his first scholarly Journal, Witmer authored the first article, titled “_________,” in the first issue. This article included the first known publication of the term clinical psychology, as well as a definition of the term and an explanation of the need for its existence and growth.

Answer 12

Clinical Psychology

Question 13

mental illnesses were often placed in one of two very broad categories, what are these categories?

Answer 13

neurosis and psychosis

Question 14

individuals were thought to suffer from some psychiatric symptoms (including what we would now call anxiety and depression) but to maintain an intact grasp on reality.

Answer 14

Neurotic

Question 15

individuals, on the other hand, demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking

Answer 15

Psychotic

Question 16

considered the “father of descriptive psychiatry”, offered a different two-category system of mental illness. (exogenous & endogenous)

Answer 16

Emil Kraepelin

Question 17

What is exogenous and endogenous disorders

Answer 17

Kraepelin differentiated exogenous disorders (caused by external factors) from endogenous disorders (caused by internal factors) and suggested that exogenous disorders were the far more treatable type.

Question 18

lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each disorder.

Answer 18

Diagnostic Criteria

Question 19

A way of cataloguing problems of different kinds on different axes, which remained for multiple editions before being taken out of the most recent.

Answer 19

multiaxial system

Question 20

The current edition is DSM-5, which was published in ______

Answer 20

May, 2013

Question 21

DSM (in 1952) and DSM-IV (in 1994), the number of disorders increased by more than ___% to a total of ___ distinct diagnoses covering an increasing scope of human behavior

Answer 21

300%
368 diagnoses

Question 22

the current DSM is ___ pages long.

Answer 22

947 pages

Question 23

psychological science is accurately recognizing disorders that went unrecognized (or at least unlabeled) for centuries before, an explanation called ??

Answer 23

scientific discovery

Question 24

it is psychology is making disorders out of some aspects of human experience that had previously been considered normal, an explanation called ??

Answer 24

“social invention”

Question 25

He was among those who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences

Answer 25

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 26

He led a group of theorists who argued for the existence of “g,” a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities

Answer 26

Charles Spearman

Question 27

They created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905. This test yielded a single overall score, endorsing the concept of “g.” It was the first to incorporate a comparison of mental age to chronological age as a measure of intelligence.

Answer 27

Alfred Binet with Theodore Simon

Question 28

This comparison, when expressed as a division problem, yielded the “intelligence quotient,” or IQ. Binet’s test grew in popularity and was eventually revised by _______.

Answer 28

Lewis Terman in 1937

Question 29

Terman’s revision was called the _________, the name by which the test is currently known

Answer 29

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 30

David Wechsler filled the need for a test of intelligence designed specifically for adults with the publication of his _________ test.

Answer 30

Wechsler-Bellevue test.

Question 31

Wechsler released a children’s version of his intelligence test, which he called the ______

Answer 31

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Question 32

The term mental test was first used by _________ in an article titled “________” . At that time, the term was used to refer to basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, and sensation/perception.

Answer 32

James McKeen Cattell in 1890
Mental Tests and Measurements

Question 33

In 1921, however, ________ published a test that had significant impact for many years to come; a Swiss psychiatrist, released his now-famous set of 10 inkblots, which rose quickly in popularity

Answer 33

Hermann Rorschach

Question 34

was based on the assumption that people will “project” their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli; hence, the way individuals perceive and make sense of the blots corresponds to the way they perceive and make sense of the world around them.

Answer 34

Rorschach Inkblot Method

Question 35

They published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935.

Answer 35

Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray

Question 36

was similar to the Rorschach in that the test taker responded to cards featuring ambiguous stimuli.

Answer 36

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 37

these tests were pencil-and-paper instruments for which clients answered multiple-choice or true/false questions about themselves, their experiences, or their preferences

Answer 37

Objective personality tests

Question 38

focused on specific aspects of personality, whereas others aimed to provide a more comprehensive overview of an individual’s personality.

Answer 38

Objective personality tests

Question 39

It is written by Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley, is perhaps the best example of a comprehensive personality measure. When it was originally published in 1943, it consisted of 550 true/false statements.

Answer 39

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 40

An adolescent version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in 1992.

Answer 40

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent [MMPI-A]

Question 41

a personality measure less geared toward psychopathology than is the MMPI. Rather than diagnostic categories, its scales are based on universal personality characteristics common to all individuals.

Answer 41

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

Question 42

approach that emphasizes an empirical method, with problems and progress measured in observable, quantifiable terms.

Answer 42

behavioral approach

Question 43

therapy that flourished in the 1960s, as Carl Rogers’s relationship- and growth-oriented approach to therapy offered an alternative to both psychodynamic and behavioral approaches that many therapists and clients found attractive.

Answer 43

Humanistic (or “client-centered”) therapy

Question 44

therapy with emphasis on logical thinking as the foundation of psychological wellness, has intensified to the point that it has become the most popular singular orientation among clinical psychologists

Answer 44

cognitive therapy