chapter 7

Question 1

Acheulean

Answer 1

The term used to designate the main Lower Paleolithic culture of Europe and Africa, beginning 1.65 million years ago. Characterized by bifacial, teardrop-shaped handaxes

Question 2

crista sagittalis

Answer 2

sagittal keeling of the parietal bones, distinct from the sagittal ridge

Question 3

encephalization

Answer 3

The ratio between brain and body size; an indicator of intelligence.

Question 4

holotype

Answer 4

The type or definitive specimen for a species.

Question 5

island dwarfism

Answer 5

A phenomenon that occurs when mid-sized or large
species become smaller owing to the limited resources of islands

Question 6

Java Man

Answer 6

The nickname given to the fossil specimens that Eugene Dubois discovered in1891 near the village of Trinil in Java. It would later be identified as Homo erectus.

Question 7

keeling

Answer 7

A characteristic rounding or gentle curving of the skull leading to the keel edge of the parietal and frontal bones.

Question 8

Mojokerto Child

Answer 8

A nickname for a fossil specimen of Homo erectus
discovered on Java, Indonesia by Ralph von Koenigswald in 1936.

Question 9

Movius Line

Answer 9

A theoretical geographic boundary separating regions with Acheulean tools from regions without.

Question 10

Peking Man

Answer 10

The nickname given to the fossils of Homo erectus found in China in the region near Zhoukoudian.

Question 11

torus angularis

Answer 11

A thickening or bulging of the top line of the temporal bone
as it approaches the occipital bone at the back

Question 12

torus mandibularis

Answer 12

A thickening of the bone on the part of the jaw near the premolars.

Question 13

torus occipitalis

Answer 13

A ridge of bone along the back of the skull on the occipital bone.

Question 14

torus supraorbitalis

Answer 14

The brow ridge or lump of bone above the eye sockets.

Question 15

Turkana Boy

Answer 15

The nickname given to a nearly complete specimen of a young Homo erectus from Lake Turkana by Kamoya Kimeu in 1984.

Question 16

gain in brain size

Answer 16

homo habilis to homo erectus

Question 17

meat provides:

Answer 17

essential protein for brain growth and development, development of shorter gut, animal matter is easier to break down

Question 18

Dating H. habilis

Answer 18

between 1.9 and 1.6 mya,

Question 19

Homo rudolfensis

Answer 19

Mandibles from East Turkana given this distinction, same holotype as h. habilis

Question 20

Homo erectus

Answer 20

increase in cranial capacity range over its
predecessor. First homo to leave Africa almost 2 mya and colonize the world with wide distribution and variation. First bmh’s to emerge.

Question 21

distinguishing H. erectus

Answer 21

armouring’ of the skull, thick cranial bones, torus supraorbitalis, torus angularis, torus
occipitalis, and crista sagittalis. traits were useful for protection against attacks by other H. erectus

Question 22

The Mineralogical Hypothesis

Answer 22

only local rock available to H. erectus (living in Zhoukoudian cave system in Beijing) would
have been quartz and sandstone, neither of which could be used to
make Acheulean hand axes

Question 23

The Alternative Tool Material Hypothesis

Answer 23

materials other than stone were used to make sophisticated tools. These materials would be less likely to survive than stone.
Asian H. erectus may have used bamboo and wood which was readily available but decayed over time.

Question 24

The Early Departure Hypothesis

Answer 24

East Asian H. erectus populations left Africa long before hand axes were invented there. Evolved with different strategies

Question 25

The Social Complexity Hypothesis

Answer 25

distinct clustering
of African H. erectus sites, a pattern that he associates with a higher
degree of social complexity. He found no such clustering for East Asian sites. Perhaps the social organization of East Asian H. erectus was not
conducive to the spread of knowledge about the use and manufacture of stone tools.

Question 26

SPACE ROCKS

Answer 26

large stone tools of significant similarity to Acheulean hand axes had been discovered in southern China, near the Vietnam border.

Question 27

SPACE ROCKS dating

Answer 27

803,000 years ago by analysing tektites, glass-
like stones thought to be made by meteorite impacts. meteorite created the opportunity for tool use.There was evidence of widespread forest fires; these fires may have exposed stony outcrops from which the tools were made.

Question 28

Sangiran

Answer 28

Several fossils were discovered by Ralph von
Koenigswald near Sangiran, Java, and have recently been dated to
1.66 mya ± 0.04 by Swisher and Curtis. The maxilla appears to have apelike features (e.g. projecting
canines and a diastema); some thought it was a pongid. These features are not unusual for Homo erectus in Java; perhaps
part of subspecies development at Sangiran.

Question 29

Ngandong

Answer 29

In the early 1930s 12 hominid crania or cranial fragments were
discovered near the village of Ngandong, close to the Solo River in Java. The
brains were larger than usual for Homo erectus.

Question 30

Homo georgicus

Answer 30

Hominid fossils have been found in the area of Dmanisi, Georgia,
dating from 1.8 to 1.75 mya, and were named Homo georgicus.
The three crania all have distinct brow ridges and occipital tori.

Question 31

Homo floresiensis

Answer 31

2004: an unusual hominid (LB 1) was discovered in Liang Bua cave
on one of the Indonesian Islands. The brain, although small, had the basic structure of a H. erectus brain. Feet are long, and they lack a well-developed arch and are
somewhat curved, hands are curved as well. These traits suggest that
she was probably good in the trees