Chapter 11

Question 1

Beringia Refuge hypothesis

Answer 1

A theory of the population and settlement of the
Americas.

Question 2

stage 1: Beringia Refuge hypothesis

Answer 2

migrants from Asia reached Beringia, experienced a moderate reduction in genetic variation, and then continued down the west coast of the
Americas

Question 3

stage 2: Beringia Refuge hypothesis

Answer 3

Asian migrants in
Beringia became trapped during the Last Glacial Maximum. A more serious genetic bottleneck occurred, and these people eventually populated the far northern American regions.

Question 4

bias of the book

Answer 4

The biased interpretation of history presented in the writings of literate peoples when writing about non-literate peoples.

Question 5

caries

Answer 5

The decay and crumbling of a tooth or bone.

Question 6

Clovis First

Answer 6

The theory that the Clovis people were the first to settle the Americas, around 13,000–13,500 years ago.

Question 7

Coastal Migration hypothesis

Answer 7

The theory that the first people to settle in the
Americas took a route following the West Coast along shores now under water.

Question 8

cribra orbitalia

Answer 8

Porous lesions of the orbital roof of the frontal bone

Question 9

genetic bottleneck

Answer 9

A situation in which either only a few genetic variants are able to pass through some kind of natural geographic barrier or (more generally) a significant percentage of a geographic population or
species is prevented from reproducing.

Question 10

geofacts

Answer 10

Items created by nature, not by humans.

Question 11

Great Zimbabwe

Answer 11

A series of huge granite edifices, including a large wall known as the Great Enclosure, built by the ancestors of the Shona
people of southern Africa (specifically Zimbabwe) between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Question 12

Kennewick Man

Answer 12

The remains of a skeleton that were discovered along the banks of the Columbia River in 1996, dated to 9,330–9,580 ya

Question 13

NAGPRA

Answer 13

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

Question 14

periosteum

Answer 14

The dense connective tissue that forms a membrane at the
outer surface of bones

Question 15

Spirit Cave mummy

Answer 15

A mummy discovered in Nevada in the 1940s, radiocarbon dated to 9,430 ± 60 years ago. The teeth show signs of sinodonty and craniometry suggesting similarity to the Ainu

Question 16

Monte Verde

Answer 16

A significant pre-Clovis site in Chile. A peat bog has allowed many organic materials to be preserved.

Question 17

trophies of science

Answer 17

the way in which indigenous peoples dead remains are treated, while non-Aboriginal remains are treated with respect.

Question 18

The Accidental Mummies
of Guanajuato

Answer 18

Mexican museum exhibit that went on a US tour. These mummies were dug up during a period from 1896 to 1958 when relatives of the dead were required to pay a grave tax. The bodies of those who failed to pay were exhumed and put on display until the law changed in 1958.

Question 19

Latin America Attitude towards the dead

Answer 19

human remains are excavated and
displayed without opposition in museums as a result of ‘Indianness’

Question 20

Inca Mummies

Answer 20

naturally frozen mummies in the Andes mountains,
victims of sacrifices during the Inca Empire. found between 1995 and 1999.

Question 21

Juanita (the ‘Ice Maiden’)

Answer 21

the first mummy discovered at 6,309
metres (20,700 ft.

Question 22

Otzi The Iceman

Answer 22

In 1991, a frozen body was found on a mountain on the Austria–Italy border, dating to between 5,300 and 5,200 years ago.

Question 23

The Bog Mummies of Europe

Answer 23

In northwestern Europe, hundreds of bodies have been found in peat bogs, dating from the final centuries BC to the first centuries AD.

Iron Age farmers that were murdered / sacrificed

Question 24

Hypoplasias

Answer 24

are grooves, lines or pits in teeth that reflected arrested growth due
to poor nutrition and/or disease

Question 25

tooth size

Answer 25

linked to nutritional health. smaller indicates agriculturalists and poorer nutrition/more processed food consumed

Question 26

agriculture effect on bones

Answer 26

increase in periosteal reaction to infection, as
detected in the tibia, caused by increased settlement size and closeness and frequency of human contact. Decrease in average height. Early farmers had a reduced rate of osteoarthritis, particularly of the neck
and back due to large amount of bending and heavy lifting
required in the collection of food versus the production of food

Question 27

Cribra Orbitalia

Answer 27

Lesions of the orbital roof of the frontal bone. Produced in situations of
iron-deficiency anemia, due to deficiency of iron in the diet, parasitic
infections, chronic diarrhea, significant blood loss.

Question 28

Origins of Aboriginal people

Answer 28

Aboriginal people originally come from Asia. Features: straight, dark hair; brown eyes; skin of various shades of brown; shovel shaped incisors.

Question 29

How did aboriginal peoples get to America?

Answer 29

Aboriginal peoples of the Americas walked from Asia across Beringia, a land mass connecting Siberia and Alaska during the peak of the Ice Age.

Question 30

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

Answer 30

tool-bearing
layer dating to roughly 14,800 BP in Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania. possibility of coal contamination in the groundwater, distorting radiocarbon dates

Question 31

Pedra Furada

Answer 31

The Pedra Furada site in northeastern Brazil contains strata dating as far back as 48,000 to 56,000 years ago; in these layers is evidence of fire and what look like flaked
pebble tools.

Question 32

geofacts versus
artifacts

Answer 32

a natural stone formation that is difficult to distinguish from a man-made artifact

Question 33

diversity of
languages

Answer 33

The farther south you go in the Americas, the greater the diversity of
languages. North America has 55 language groupings. South
America has 143. West coast of Americas also more diverse.

Question 34

language diversity suggests:

Answer 34

1.South America may have been broadly settled before North America.

2.First settlers took a western coastal route in their migration, the Coastal
Migration hypothesis

Question 35

linguistic groups native to the Americas

Answer 35

Amerind, Na-Dene, and Eskimo–Aleut

Question 36

Y-Chromosomes and the Americas

Answer 36

2004 study on Y-chromosomes in 51 populations of Aboriginal peoples in the Americas

76.4% belonged to haplogroup Q, 5.8% to C

C is concentrated in Na-Dene and absent in Eskimo–Aleut.

2003 study found C group in six Greenlandic Inuit, supporting Beringia Refuge hypothesis

1996 study of pre-contact Mexican populations suggests Southeast Asian migration along Pacific Coast

Question 37

Costal Route Hypothesis (Kurt Fladmark)

Answer 37

first Aboriginal people travelled down from the northwest corner of North America by following an ice-free path down the West Coast.

Question 38

Skulls versus Genes

Answer 38

Kennewick skull: cranium belonged to a European but skeletal material and artifacts demonstrated that it was Aboriginal.

skull was like ainu or Austronesian; dental analysis suggested it had sundadont teeth

Question 39

Luzia

Answer 39

discovered in Brazil in 1975 and dated roughly 11,500 ya, making
it the oldest skeleton in the Americas. Cranium is narrow and oval; her face and chin are typical of non-Mongoloid Southeast Asians

Question 40

The Lagoa Santa Skulls

Answer 40

skulls from central Brazil from 7,500 to 11,000 ya; morphology is different from late and modern Northeastern Asians and
Amerindians, and similar to present Australians/Melanesians and Africans.

Question 41

The Lagoa Santa Skulls Hypotheses

Answer 41

local diversification hypothesis: local microevolutionary
process took place. This was dismissed

migratory hypothesis:
two different populations moved into the area,
the first and the earliest being different from the second and larger migration