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Biological Anthropology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Ainu

A

The indigenous people of Japan

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2
Q

Australoid

A

A racial term used to refer to the Aborigines of
Australia.

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3
Q

brachycephalic

A

Having a high cephalic index, or a short and broad
skull.

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4
Q

breeds

A

A subspecies, especially when referring to
domesticated animals

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5
Q

Capoid

A

A racial term that is used to refer to the Khoisan
Bushmen of southern Africa.

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6
Q

Caucasian (Caucasoid)

A

Denoting or having to do with white- or lightskinned people of European origin.

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7
Q

cephalic (or cranial) index

A

The maximum width of a skull multiplied by
100 and divided by the maximum length of the
skull

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8
Q

dolichocephalic

A

Having a low cephalic index, or a long skull.

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9
Q

eugenics

A

The science of ‘improving’ a population by
controlling breeding to increase the occurrence of
desirable heritable characteristics.

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10
Q

facial angle

A

The degree of protrusion of the lower face.

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11
Q

Gloger’s rule

A

The rule stating that darker subspecies occur in
warmer and/or more humid climates, while light coloured subspecies are native to cooler and/or
drier climates.

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12
Q

lactase

A

An enzyme that breaks down lactose into its
constituent sugars so that they can be absorbed
by the body.

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13
Q

mesocephalic

A

Having an intermediate cephalic index, or a skull
that is neither very long nor very short.

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14
Q

Mongolian (Mongoloid)

A

A racial term used to refer to the people of East
Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Arctic areas of North
America.

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15
Q

mutations

A

A term used by biologists to identify varieties within
a species

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16
Q

Negritos

A

The indigenous or apparent first peoples of
Southeast Asia, found in the Andaman Islands,
Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and New
Guinea.

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17
Q

non-metric variation

A

Variation that is not a matter of larger or smaller
but of distinctly different traits, such as hair or eye
colour.

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18
Q

phase

A

A genetic or seasonal variety of an animals
coloration.

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19
Q

plasticity

A

The potential of the cranium to change due to
environmental conditions, over time.

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20
Q

racial time

A

the period of time in which humans have been
described and classified according to race (roughly
the last four to five centuries)

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21
Q

sinodont

A

The pattern of dental traits said to be characteristic
of East Asians and Native Americans;
characterized by shovel-shaped incisors.

22
Q

sundadont

A

The generalized pattern of dental traits said to be
characteristic of Southeast Asians.

23
Q

Pure races

A

genetically homogenous
populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past

24
Q

subspecies

A

geographical race, differing genetically and taxonomically from
other subdivisions of the species

25
Q

5 human subspecies

A

afer, americanus, asiaticus, europaeus, and monstrosus

26
Q

colour-coded racializing of humans

A

Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow), Malayan (brown), Negroid
(black), American (red)

27
Q

races
based on skull measurements

A

Caucasians, Mongolians, Americans (i.e.
Aboriginal people), and Negroes

28
Q

Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus five separate times
deep in time, producing five basic races:

A

Caucasoid, Negroid, Capoid,
Mongoloid, Australoid.

29
Q

epicanthic eye fold

A

trait found in the San of Africa, Aboriginal groups like the Inuit, and the Andaman Islanders

30
Q

The race game

A

more variation within racial categories than there was between racial categories

31
Q

Individual variations

A

account for most of
the differences between people. 85 percent of
human variation was individual and occurring within populations
the remaining 15 percent was distributed roughly equally between variation within and between races

32
Q

What Colour Was Homo sapiens Originally

A

‘one colour fits all’ adaptation for
different environments is brown so the speculation is that H. sapiens
started off brown

33
Q

How Quickly Did Colour Variation Begin?

A

AMH populations changed from darker to lighter soon
after they began moving to different parts of the world. Taken place over 2,000–3,000 years

34
Q

rickets

A

condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities

35
Q

what causes rickets?

A

places with weak or insufficient sunlight, vitamin D deficiency

36
Q

Advantages to lighter skin

A

White skin allows more sunlight through, allowing more vitamin D for better bone health in cold/rainy areas

37
Q

Advantages to darker skin

A

Dark skin protects against skin cancer and the destruction of folic acid
in those areas near the equator where the sun’s rays hit most directly and
with the greatest heat. Less vitamin D absorbed into the skin. Reflets UV rays

38
Q

eye colour

A

brown: generalized, lighter colour: derived in many areas

39
Q

bey1 gene

A

(brown eye with one allele) produces brown eyes

40
Q

bey2

A

(brown eye with two alleles, brown and blue) brown is dominant, blue is recessive

41
Q

gey

A

chromosome 19 (green eye with two alleles, green and blue), green is dominant

42
Q

Irish have:

A

Highest rate of cystic fibrosis

43
Q

Ashkenazi Jews have

A

higher rate of breast cancer due to increased Mutations of two cancer-suppressing genes

44
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia

A

affects 1 out of every 500 African Americans, fatal for homozygous

heterozygotes have an advantage as they are protected against malaria

45
Q

thalassemia

A

Mediterranean peoples, South and Southeast Asians. It makes one less susceptible to coronary heart disease and malaria.

46
Q

Tay–Sachs

A

brain and nerve disorder associated with Ashkenazi
Jews. Autosomal recessive, strikes in infancy. Marriage and breeding endogamously over a long period of time is a cause.

47
Q

founder effect

A

when a small group of migrants—not genetically representative of the population from which they came—establish in a new area. reduction in genetic variation

48
Q

eugenics

A

good’ races and
individuals should be encouraged to breed, while ‘bad’ races and individuals
should be sexually sterilized

49
Q

The Thrifty Gene

A

Allows the body to hold on to its sugars longer. Individuals who have this gene can store calories in fatty tissues are better able to survive and reproduce in environments where there are frequent famines or chronic food shortage.

50
Q

Thrifty gene downfall

A

Type II diabetes from high-calorie 21st century western diet

51
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

greater amount of sunlight = less intolerance. Europeans effected at higher rates

Biological Anthropology (6 decks)

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