Chapter 12

Question 1

The Body Farm

Answer 1

William Bass’s scientific research facility in Knoxville, Tennessee. used to study the decomposition of human
remains.

Question 2

deciduous teeth

Answer 2

The first temporary that eventually fall out and are
replaced by permanent teeth.

Question 3

ectocranial

Answer 3

Occurring on the outside of the skull.

Question 4

endocranial

Answer 4

Occurring on the inside of the skull.

Question 5

epiphyseal union

Answer 5

The fusion and ossification of the epiphyses (the ends or caps of the long bones) with the rest of the long bone.

Question 6

Feast of the Dead

Answer 6

A ceremony performed mainly by Iroquoian speakers during the pre-contact and early contact periods. During the ceremony, those who have died and been buried in
temporary graves over the previous 10-15 years are reburied on one site.

Question 7

femur length formula

Answer 7

A formula for using long bone lengths to estimate the height of the body from which the bone came (length × 2.11 + 70.35).

Question 8

ForDisc

Answer 8

A computer software package designed to create a reliable profile of a skeleton, including gender, age, and race or ethnicity. Short for forensic discrimination function
analysis.

Question 9

forensic entomologist

Answer 9

One who studies the relationships between insects and crime scenes, especially dead bodies. Their work
often helps determine how long a body has been dead
for

Question 10

forensic pathologist

Answer 10

One who studies the soft tissue (e.g. skin, flesh, internal organs) of human remains.

Question 11

greater sciatic notch

Answer 11

A groove occurring on both hipbones that widens to at least the width of a thumb when females reach puberty

Question 12

Hamman–Todd collection

Answer 12

A collection of over 3,000 human skeletons started in 1912 by anatomist T. Wingate Todd, housed in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Question 13

hyoid

Answer 13

A bone that is situated deep in the throat, often examined for signs of death by strangulation.

Question 14

lead wipe

Answer 14

The smear on a bone that bullets leave when they enter, hit, or graze a bone.

Question 15

metaphysis

Answer 15

The part of the growing long bone where it begins to widen before it reaches the epiphyseal plate.

Question 16

permanent teeth

Answer 16

Your second set of teeth, or adult teeth.

Question 17

pericranium

Answer 17

The periosteum that covers the cranial bones.

Question 18

pubic symphysis

Answer 18

The false joint at the anterior of the pubic bone.

Question 19

Suchey-Brooks system

Answer 19

The scale used to calculate age at death based on the morphology of the pubic symphysis, developed by
Alison Brooks and Judy Suchey

Question 20

Terry Collection

Answer 20

A collection of some 1,728 human skeletons established
by Robert J. Terry (1871-1966) and currently held by the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of
Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution.

Question 21

Jobs of a forensic anthropologist

Answer 21

identify the age, sex, race, and cause of death of the
deceased based on bones and teeth. Speculate about the weapons used to kill or injure

Question 22

Pop culture

Answer 22

forensic anthropology is glamorized by pop culture. Characters in novels and
TV shows are more fiction than fact. Eg TV show bones

Question 23

Clea Koff

Answer 23

From Kenya, worked for United Nations on two major tribunals investigating cases of genocide in Rwanda and Yugoslavia

Question 24

Thomas Dwight, Father of American Forensic
Anthropology

Answer 24

known for osteology collection at Warren Museum of Anatomy, Harvard University.
Collection crucial in forensic anthropology, revealing ‘typical’ data for gender, age, and ethnic background.

Question 25

George A. Dorsey: Sausage Maker’s Wife Case

Answer 25

Luetger, 19th-century Chicago sausage maker, reported second wife missing in 1897, Police searched sausage factory based on brother’s request, found ring and bone fragments.
Dorsey, first anthropologist as expert witness, identified bones as human in court. Dorsey’s testimony led to murder conviction for Luetgert.

Question 26

Moira McLaughlin “the bone lady”

Answer 26

teaches at St. Thomas University, introduced to forensic anthropology by Dr. William Bass

Works on ‘cold cases’ with RCMP, collaborating with facial imaging experts and investigators.

Question 27

the bone lady cases

Answer 27

1980: Naked male body found in Gulf of St. Lawrence, remained unidentified and buried.

2003: RCMP exhumed body, conducted skeletal analysis, and completed clay reconstruction.
Case remains unsolved

Question 28

Clyde Snow and the Angel of Death

Answer 28

Snow, airplane crash expert, joined Oklahoma medical examiner’s office in 1973.
Cases:
Identified Dr. Joseph Mengele in 1979 through characteristics matching and video skull-face superimposition.
Declared exhumed skull as Mengele’s in 1985, later confirmed by dental X-rays and DNA.

Question 29

Bill Bass Case Study #1

Answer 29

In 1974, Bass was asked to look at a skull found by a boy along a lake
shoreline; he determined that it belonged to a Caucasoid male,
somewhere between 30 and 34 years of age

Question 30

Bill Bass Case Study #2

Answer 30

Bass’ analyses skeleton found by local
police. it was a 13-year-old girl. The width of the greater sciatic notch suggested female, and the
unfused humeral medial condyle suggested an age less than 18–20.

Question 31

Bill Bass Case Study #3

Answer 31

In 1991, Bass was presented with a burned skeleton, and determined that it belonged to a young man, 25–30 years of age, with a stature a little
shorter than average

Question 32

Determining a Body is Human

Answer 32

harder with smaller bone fragments, easier with whole skeleton.

Question 33

Numbering the Skeletons

Answer 33

1. determine how many individual bodies are represented
2. necessary for airline
   crashes, terror bombings, building fires/explosions, genocides
3. do this by looking for ‘repeats’ of bones and sorting by age

Question 34

Sexing the Skeleton

Answer 34

size and robustness of skeleton, DNA testing often required for children

Question 35

Racing the Skeleton

Answer 35

main indicators found in cranium, look at dental characteristics

Question 36

sexual dimorphism

Answer 36

Less among East Asians, Aboriginal peoples more among white and black people

Question 37

Aging the Skeleton

Answer 37

range of ages normally produced. Must achieve consilience. Epiphyseal union is a key to aging a skeleton

Question 38

Epiphyseal Union method

Answer 38

arm and leg, the innominate, the scapula,
and the clavicle are involved. Analyze the difference between the timing of the proximal and
the distal epiphyseal union. scale of 0–4 to measure the completeness
of epiphyseal union. narrow range is ideal.

Question 39

Cranial Sutures

Answer 39

bones of the cranium are joined by fibrous joints called sutures. These sutures fuse over time, endocranial closure occurs before ectocranial closure.

For vault sutures, the sagittal closes first, then the coronal suture, and
then the lambdoidal

Question 40

Todd and Lyon age sequence

Answer 40

has a standard deviation of ± 6 years from actual age. Used to support other findings.

Question 41

Skeletal Evidence for Child Abuse

Answer 41

Rib fractures without chest trauma, multiple rib fractures close to the spine caused by assailant grasping the chest with both hands.

Question 42

Metaphyseal injuries and child abuse

Answer 42

common in proximal humerus, knee, and distal tibia

Question 43

Harris lines

Answer 43

lines are produced
when growth is disrupted, or stops and then resumes. Several areas of subperiosteal new bone formation are a classic
sign of child abuse.

Question 44

The Case of the Swansea Skull

Answer 44

2004, a skull was found 20 cm below the ground beside a drainpipe that had been installed in 1958 in Swansea, west-end
Toronto. The skull was isolated; there were no more bones of the skeleton, nor was there a mass burial. skull
belonged to an Aboriginal person who lived some time after AD 750. cause of death was infectious disease of the
brain, likely tubercular meningitis.

Question 45

Robert Pickton Case

Answer 45

2007, Pickton convicted of 6 second-degree murders of women from Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside. Forensic anthropologists
excavated the human remains at Pickton’s pig farm using a conveyor belt and soil sifters to
separate bones from soil.

Question 46

The CSI Effect

Answer 46

impact, primarily on jurors, of forensic science as
it is presented on the popular shows like CSI. Jurors can be skeptical if evidence does not hold up to the unrealistically
high standards of fictional forensic science.

Question 47

Argentine Forensic
Anthropology Team

Answer 47

military junta in Argentina committed crimes resulting in disappearance of 20,000 people. FAs excavated mass grave sites, returned the
remains to their relatives, and prosecuted criminals. Led by Clyde Snow.

Question 49

El Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense (EAAF)

Answer 49

a non-governmental
organization dedicated to forensic investigation in human rights cases around
the world. Formed by Snow’s team of graduate students.