Chapter 7

Question 1

Ionization Energy

Answer 1

IE, energy required to complete the removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions

Question 2

Electron affinities

Answer 2

energy change when 1 mol is ADDED to 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions

Question 3

Behavior of High IE and highly negative EA

Answer 3

reactive non-metals; attract electrons strongly, tend to form negative ion in ionic compounds

Question 4

Behavior of Low IE and slightly negative EA

Answer 4

reactive metals; lose electrons easily, tend to form positive ions in ionic compounds

Question 5

Behavior of high IE and slightly positive EA

Answer 5

noble gases; tend to neither gain or lose electrons

Question 6

Rutherford’s atomic model shortcomings

Answer 6

could not explain the stability of the atom; did not describe the arrangement of the e-

based on classical mechanics (particles and waves as being distinct)

Question 7

Classical Theory

Answer 7

classical distinction between energy(continuous, wave-like) and matter (particulate, massive)

waves and particles as being distinct

accepted in early 20th century, developed into Modern Atomic Theory(quantum mechanics)

Question 8

Development of Modern Atomic Theory

Answer 8

Quantum Mechanics: fundamental nature of energy and matter and accounts for atomic structure

waves do not behave like particles since they undergo refraction and dispersion (change in wave’s speed when entering a different medium), and show diffraction and interference (bend of wave around edge of object)

Question 9

wave particle duality

Answer 9

fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, describes behavior of matter and egery at the atomic and subatomic level

particles, such as electrons and photons, can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior depending on experimental conditions

Question 10

Theory/Observation of Albert Einstein that led from classical theory to quantum theory

Answer 10

the photoelectric effect: determined light has particulate (photon) behavior

transition from classical theory to quantum theory

Question 11

Theory/Observation of Max Planck that led from classical theory to quantum theory

Answer 11

Blackbody radiation: energy is quantized; only certain values

Question 12

Theory/Observation of Bohr that led from classical theory to quantum theory

Answer 12

Atomic line spectra: energy of atoms is quantized; photon emitted when electron changes orbit

Question 13

Scientists that found evidence of “since energy is wavelike, perhaps matter is wavelike”

Answer 13

Davisson/Germer: observation, electron beam is diffracted by metal crystal

deBrogelie: theory, all matter travels in waves; energy of atom is quantized due to wave motion of electrons

Question 14

Scientists that found evidence of “since matter has mass, perhaps energy has mass:

Answer 14

Compton: observation, photon’s wavelength increases (momentum decreases) after colliding with electron

Einstein/deBrogelie: theory, mass and energy are equivalent; particles have wavelength and photons have momentum

Question 15

Schrodinger wave equation

Answer 15

gives probability location of electron; probability of finding an electron of a particular energy in a particular region of the atom

Question 16

Heisen berg’s Uncertainty Principle

Answer 16

it is not possible to know both the position and energy of a moving particle at the same time

Question 17

3 exceptions to electron configurations

Answer 17

Chromium: electron taken from 4s and given to 3d to form 4s^1 and 3d^5

Copper: electron taken from 4s and given to 3d to form
4s^1 and 3d^10

Ag: electron taken from 5s and given to 4d to form 5s^1 and 4d^10

Question 18

noble gas configuration

Answer 18

elements as either end of the period gain or lose electrons to attain a filled outer level, resulting in ion with noble gas configuration; isoelectronic with noble gas configuration

Question 19

pseudo noble gas configurations

Answer 19

metals lose its highest n-value energy level to form its ion

main group metals lose the highest ns and np values (or just highest np value) to form ion

transition metals lose the highest ns value, then higest nd value if needed)

Question 20

inert noble gas configuration

Answer 20

a main group metal only loses the np electrons; it attains the stability of filled ns and (n-1)d sublevels

Question 21

inner/core electrons

Answer 21

ones an atom has in common with previous noble gas and FULLY COMPLETED transition series

Question 22

outer electrons

Answer 22

those in highest n-value energy level

based on n value -> 1,2,3, etc; NOT s,p,d,f

Question 23

valence electrons

Answer 23

involved in forming compounds

in main group elements, valence=outer

in transition elements, valence electrons include outer ns and ANY (n-1)d electrons