Chapter 7 Flashcards
Is a social condition in which norms and values are conflicting, weak or absent.
Anomie
Refers to the people who own the capital and do not have to sell their labor.
Capital class
May involve going along with peers and/or following societal norms.
Conformity
Is based on control theory and focuses on a strong self-image as a means of defending against negative peer pressure.
Containment theory
Is the idea that there are two control systems, inner and outer, that work against our tendencies to deviate.
Control theory
Are the illegal actions of people acting on behalf of the corporation
Corporate crimes
Includes the police, courts and prisons that deal with criminal laws and their enforcement.
criminal justice system
Is the scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior in the individual and society.
Criminology
Are the legitimate objectives of members of society
Cultural goals
Is the use of a punishment to prevent people from committing crimes.
Deterrence
Is a violation of rules or norms.
Deviance
Involves all persons judged as deviant and follows a career process marked by several stages. Among the stages are entry, mobility or maturity and exit.
Deviant career
Is a theory of deviance that believes people will deviate or conform depending on their associations.
Differential association
Refers to the way different groups of people are at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Social control is applied differently to different groups of people.
Differential justice
Refers to criminal acts against a person or a person’s property by an offender who is motivated by racial or other biases.
Hate crime
Is used by the UCR to report only the most serious Part 1 offense when multiple crimes are committed in connection with one another.
Hierarchy rule
Are relative opportunity structures outside laws and social norms that frame a person’s life.
Illegitimate opportunity structures
Is an annual study of crimes and occurrences conducted by the FBI. The crime index includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, robbery, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and motor-vehicle theft.
Index crimes
Include approved ways of reaching cultural goals.
Institutional means
Is participation in illegal activity by minors who fall under the statutory age limit (youth crime).
Juvenile delinquency
Is the idea that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, and, therefore, channel behavior either into or away from conformity.
Labeling theory
Includes the most desperate members of society who have few skills and little job security. They often are unemployed.
Marginal working class
Means to relate deviance to an underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians.
Medicalization of deviance
Is an over-the-phone survey asking respondents what crimes they have been a victim of in a specific time period. It serves as the primary source of criminal victimization data in the United States.
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Occurs in a persons’ routine or daily life, if and when opportunity knocks, as opposed to a professional crime that is planned.
Opportunistic crime
Is a highly disciplined business organization whose profits come from illegal activity.
Organized crime
Refers to crime or acts committed to harm the state, the state’s government or the political system in general.
Political crime
Is the first occurrence of a violation of a norm, which the committing actor does not view as deviant. Thus, it would have little to no effect on a person’s self-concept.
Primary deviance
Is when someone uses special skills, experience, methods or instruments to commit a crime while considering the activity to be that person’s basic occupation or as a main or additional source of income. The most common type is fraud, and all professional crime is for personal gain.
Professional crime
Is an authoritative imposition of something negative or unpleasant on a person in response to behavior considered bad.
Punishment
Represent the number of people rearrested for committing the same types of crimes.
Recidivism rates
Refer to rewards for normal behaviors and penalties for abnormal behaviors.
Sanctions
Is a response to primary deviance by which a person repeatedly violates a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity.
Secondary deviance
Involves techniques and strategies for maintaining order and preventing deviant behavior in a society.
Social control
Is the collective acknowledgment of cultural norms and shared expectations and includes social arrangements upon which members depend.
Social order
Discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity.
Stigmas
Was developed by Robert Merton to describe the strain felt by some members of society when they do not have access to the institutional means to achieve cultural goals.
Strain theory
Are crimes that occur in public places.
Street crimes
Are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society’s norms.
Techniques of neutralization
Occurs when a person who has been labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to redefine those deviant attributes or behavior.
Tertiary deviance
Is the FBI’s documentation of crimes reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies around the country. It is a starting place for law enforcement officials, media, researchers, criminal justice students and members of the public who are seeking information on crime in the United States.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Are illegal acts committed by affluent individuals in the course of business activities.
White collar crimes
