Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology 121: Exam 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is a social condition in which norms and values are conflicting, weak or absent.

A

Anomie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Refers to the people who own the capital and do not have to sell their labor.

A

Capital class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

May involve going along with peers and/or following societal norms.

A

Conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is based on control theory and focuses on a strong self-image as a means of defending against negative peer pressure.

A

Containment theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the idea that there are two control systems, inner and outer, that work against our tendencies to deviate.

A

Control theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are the illegal actions of people acting on behalf of the corporation

A

Corporate crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Includes the police, courts and prisons that deal with criminal laws and their enforcement.

A

criminal justice system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is the scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior in the individual and society.

A

Criminology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are the legitimate objectives of members of society

A

Cultural goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the use of a punishment to prevent people from committing crimes.

A

Deterrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is a violation of rules or norms.

A

Deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Involves all persons judged as deviant and follows a career process marked by several stages. Among the stages are entry, mobility or maturity and exit.

A

Deviant career

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a theory of deviance that believes people will deviate or conform depending on their associations.

A

Differential association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Refers to the way different groups of people are at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Social control is applied differently to different groups of people.

A

Differential justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Refers to criminal acts against a person or a person’s property by an offender who is motivated by racial or other biases.

A

Hate crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is used by the UCR to report only the most serious Part 1 offense when multiple crimes are committed in connection with one another.

A

Hierarchy rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are relative opportunity structures outside laws and social norms that frame a person’s life.

A

Illegitimate opportunity structures

18
Q

Is an annual study of crimes and occurrences conducted by the FBI. The crime index includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, robbery, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and motor-vehicle theft.

A

Index crimes

19
Q

Include approved ways of reaching cultural goals.

A

Institutional means

20
Q

Is participation in illegal activity by minors who fall under the statutory age limit (youth crime).

A

Juvenile delinquency

21
Q

Is the idea that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, and, therefore, channel behavior either into or away from conformity.

A

Labeling theory

22
Q

Includes the most desperate members of society who have few skills and little job security. They often are unemployed.

A

Marginal working class

23
Q

Means to relate deviance to an underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians.

A

Medicalization of deviance

24
Q

Is an over-the-phone survey asking respondents what crimes they have been a victim of in a specific time period. It serves as the primary source of criminal victimization data in the United States.

A

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

25
Q

Occurs in a persons’ routine or daily life, if and when opportunity knocks, as opposed to a professional crime that is planned.

A

Opportunistic crime

26
Q

Is a highly disciplined business organization whose profits come from illegal activity.

A

Organized crime

27
Q

Refers to crime or acts committed to harm the state, the state’s government or the political system in general.

A

Political crime

28
Q

Is the first occurrence of a violation of a norm, which the committing actor does not view as deviant. Thus, it would have little to no effect on a person’s self-concept.

A

Primary deviance

29
Q

Is when someone uses special skills, experience, methods or instruments to commit a crime while considering the activity to be that person’s basic occupation or as a main or additional source of income. The most common type is fraud, and all professional crime is for personal gain.

A

Professional crime

30
Q

Is an authoritative imposition of something negative or unpleasant on a person in response to behavior considered bad.

A

Punishment

31
Q

Represent the number of people rearrested for committing the same types of crimes.

A

Recidivism rates

32
Q

Refer to rewards for normal behaviors and penalties for abnormal behaviors.

A

Sanctions

33
Q

Is a response to primary deviance by which a person repeatedly violates a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity.

A

Secondary deviance

34
Q

Involves techniques and strategies for maintaining order and preventing deviant behavior in a society.

A

Social control

35
Q

Is the collective acknowledgment of cultural norms and shared expectations and includes social arrangements upon which members depend.

A

Social order

36
Q

Discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity.

A

Stigmas

37
Q

Was developed by Robert Merton to describe the strain felt by some members of society when they do not have access to the institutional means to achieve cultural goals.

A

Strain theory

38
Q

Are crimes that occur in public places.

A

Street crimes

39
Q

Are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society’s norms.

A

Techniques of neutralization

40
Q

Occurs when a person who has been labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to redefine those deviant attributes or behavior.

A

Tertiary deviance

41
Q

Is the FBI’s documentation of crimes reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies around the country. It is a starting place for law enforcement officials, media, researchers, criminal justice students and members of the public who are seeking information on crime in the United States.

A

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

42
Q

Are illegal acts committed by affluent individuals in the course of business activities.

A

White collar crimes

Sociology 121: Exam 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions