Chapter 4 Flashcards
Refers to a child’s desire to adapt to changes in his or her understanding of information. Adaptation allows children to develop more sophisticated cognitions.
Adaptation
Is a relatively new life stage and is generally thought to occur between the ages of 12 and 18, another life course stage that has only come into existence in recent times.
Adolescence
Is a period of time divided into several life stages with different goals but can be thought of as that period of time from when a person assumes cultural responsibilities (e.g., holding a full-time job and having children) to the time he or she relinquishes those responsibilities at death.
Adulthood
Are the arenas in which socialization occurs. Those agents include the family, peers, the educational system, the media, the workplace, religion and the military.
Agents of socialization
Is an eating disorder characterized by an
abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining
weight and a distorted perception of body weight.
Anorexia
Is when we learn the expected behaviors of a particular role before we occupy it.
Anticipatory Socialization
Is a life stage between birth and adolescence. Age ranges vary by culture, but in the West it is typically characterized by playing, exploring and learning.
Childhood
Was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, in which he attempted to explain the development of the social self.
Cognitive development theory
Refers to Erving Goffman’s work that suggested humans attempt to manage the impressions others have of them when they are on-stage and use their off-stage time to recoup their energy and prepare for their next on-stage activity, when they will again attempt to manage their impression.
Dramaturgical approach
According to Sigmund Freud, is that part of the personality that is responsible for rational thinking, controls the urges of the individual and balances the id and superego.
Ego
Refers to the process by which children try to balance their understanding of concepts with new information as their environmental situation changes
Equilibrium
Is Erving Goffman’s belief that humans use symbols to manage the impression others have of themselves.
Facework
Is the socially and culturally constructed differences between males and females that are found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with masculinity and femininity.
Gender
Are those behaviors expected of a person based on his or her sex and culture
Gender roles
Refers to the division of males and females in the paid labor force, with women occupying jobs congruent with cultural stereotypes and that tend to pay significantly less than jobs typically held by men
Gender segregation
Refers to the process where children begin to develop their self, they learn the various masculine and feminine roles they are expected to play out based on their sex. As they age, they are expected to conform to those rigid gender roles.
Gender typing
Refers to George Herbert Mead’s belief that the self internalizes the attitudes and beliefs of a person’s social environment
Generalized other
Refers to the idea that as people age they may have a desire to give something back to society, such as volunteering or helping others without the expectation of being paid
Generativity
Is Pierre Bourdieu’s idea that individuals occupy social fields (i.e., arenas or spheres) that are interdependent. Individuals move through life as their habitus (i.e., the knowledge and skills required to construct our social world while being influenced by it) interacts with the various fields people occupy at any given point. The position we occupy in a given field is largely affected by the skills we bring with us into that field.
Habitus
Is the belief that the educational system socializes people in unintended ways that tend to serve the greater culture.
Hidden curriculum
Is the period during which the child becomes aware of his or her situation and reacts to that situation as an independent self.
“I”
Is the first aspect of the self to develop, it represents the primitive, selfish and impulsive part of the personality.
Id
Refers to the different stages people go through as they age and which are largely culturally determined.
Life Course
Was developed by the American sociologist Charles Cooley. Cooley believed that the self develops from both the interpersonal interactions people have with others and from the self’s ability to see itself through the eyes of others.
Looking Glass self
Is that period that George Herbert Mead said is when children are able to understand the norms, beliefs and attitudes of others, and they develop the ability to imagine how others see them.
“Me”
Refer to George Herbert Mead’s belief that children go through very specific stages as they develop their sense of self
Mead’s development stages
Is the idea that people’s behaviors are the result of an ongoing relationship between the interaction of personality traits passed down biologically and the social environment.
Nature versus nurture
Refers to the socialization primarily of children and adolescents.
Primary socialization
Is the process by which a total institution undoes much of the socialization to dominant societal norms and values in order to resocialize personnel to that institution’s norms and values.
Resocialization
Refers to Erik Erikson’s fifth stage of socioemotional development, identity versus role confusion. Erikson believed that the major challenge for children during this stage is to successfully develop a unique identity. However, children who aren’t able to form a strong sense of self may develop what he called role confusion. Role confusion is when children are not sure of who and what they are and the subsequent roles they are expected to perform.
Role Confusion
Refers to socialization that occurs in adulthood. While the family remains an important primary and secondary socialization agent, socialization agents in adulthood also include higher education, work and the military.
Secondary socialization
Is an awareness of the self, which is largely formed as a reaction to how we perceive the way others see us.
Self-consciousness
Refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Sex
Was a German psychiatrist who developed the idea that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego.
Sigmund Freud
Are people who have a strong influence on a person’s self and are therefore part of that person’s socialization.
Significant others
Is a relationship or exchange by one or more people in which the people engaged in that interaction have the potential to affect one another.
Social interaction
Is the lifelong process by which the self internalizes the norms and values of the groups to which that person belongs, so that he or she can become a functioning member of society.
Socialization
Is the process of socialization that is used by the military to socialize new troops into the military culture.
Solderization
Was a theory developed by the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg believed that people progress through four stages, each with its own moral challenges, as they develop their personal moral code to handle more complex moral dilemmas.
Stages of moral development
According to Freud, is essentially a person’s moral conscience, which acts to suppress the id and regulate the ego.
Superego
Was proposed by psychiatrist Erik Erikson. Erikson believed that people progressed through a series of psychosocial stages as they developed.
Theory of psychosocial development
Is a system that controls virtually every aspect of the lives of its members. The military is a prime example.
Total institution
Is doing something without the expectation of benefitting from it. Altruism is the general term for helping others without the expectation of being rewarded in some way.
Volunteerism
