Chapter 4

Question 1

Refers to a child’s desire to adapt to changes in his or her understanding of information. Adaptation allows children to develop more sophisticated cognitions.

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

Is a relatively new life stage and is generally thought to occur between the ages of 12 and 18, another life course stage that has only come into existence in recent times.

Answer 2

Adolescence

Question 3

Is a period of time divided into several life stages with different goals but can be thought of as that period of time from when a person assumes cultural responsibilities (e.g., holding a full-time job and having children) to the time he or she relinquishes those responsibilities at death.

Answer 3

Adulthood

Question 4

Are the arenas in which socialization occurs. Those agents include the family, peers, the educational system, the media, the workplace, religion and the military.

Answer 4

Agents of socialization

Question 5

Is an eating disorder characterized by an
abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining
weight and a distorted perception of body weight.

Answer 5

Anorexia

Question 6

Is when we learn the expected behaviors of a particular role before we occupy it.

Answer 6

Anticipatory Socialization

Question 7

Is a life stage between birth and adolescence. Age ranges vary by culture, but in the West it is typically characterized by playing, exploring and learning.

Answer 7

Childhood

Question 8

Was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, in which he attempted to explain the development of the social self.

Answer 8

Cognitive development theory

Question 9

Refers to Erving Goffman’s work that suggested humans attempt to manage the impressions others have of them when they are on-stage and use their off-stage time to recoup their energy and prepare for their next on-stage activity, when they will again attempt to manage their impression.

Answer 9

Dramaturgical approach

Question 10

According to Sigmund Freud, is that part of the personality that is responsible for rational thinking, controls the urges of the individual and balances the id and superego.

Answer 10

Ego

Question 11

Refers to the process by which children try to balance their understanding of concepts with new information as their environmental situation changes

Answer 11

Equilibrium

Question 12

Is Erving Goffman’s belief that humans use symbols to manage the impression others have of themselves.

Answer 12

Facework

Question 13

Is the socially and culturally constructed differences between males and females that are found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with masculinity and femininity.

Answer 13

Gender

Question 14

Are those behaviors expected of a person based on his or her sex and culture

Answer 14

Gender roles

Question 15

Refers to the division of males and females in the paid labor force, with women occupying jobs congruent with cultural stereotypes and that tend to pay significantly less than jobs typically held by men

Answer 15

Gender segregation

Question 16

Refers to the process where children begin to develop their self, they learn the various masculine and feminine roles they are expected to play out based on their sex. As they age, they are expected to conform to those rigid gender roles.

Answer 16

Gender typing

Question 17

Refers to George Herbert Mead’s belief that the self internalizes the attitudes and beliefs of a person’s social environment

Answer 17

Generalized other

Question 18

Refers to the idea that as people age they may have a desire to give something back to society, such as volunteering or helping others without the expectation of being paid

Answer 18

Generativity

Question 19

Is Pierre Bourdieu’s idea that individuals occupy social fields (i.e., arenas or spheres) that are interdependent. Individuals move through life as their habitus (i.e., the knowledge and skills required to construct our social world while being influenced by it) interacts with the various fields people occupy at any given point. The position we occupy in a given field is largely affected by the skills we bring with us into that field.

Answer 19

Habitus

Question 20

Is the belief that the educational system socializes people in unintended ways that tend to serve the greater culture.

Answer 20

Hidden curriculum

Question 21

Is the period during which the child becomes aware of his or her situation and reacts to that situation as an independent self.

Answer 21

“I”

Question 22

Is the first aspect of the self to develop, it represents the primitive, selfish and impulsive part of the personality.

Answer 22

Id

Question 23

Refers to the different stages people go through as they age and which are largely culturally determined.

Answer 23

Life Course

Question 24

Was developed by the American sociologist Charles Cooley. Cooley believed that the self develops from both the interpersonal interactions people have with others and from the self’s ability to see itself through the eyes of others.

Answer 24

Looking Glass self

Question 25

Is that period that George Herbert Mead said is when children are able to understand the norms, beliefs and attitudes of others, and they develop the ability to imagine how others see them.

Answer 25

“Me”

Question 26

Refer to George Herbert Mead’s belief that children go through very specific stages as they develop their sense of self

Answer 26

Mead’s development stages

Question 27

Is the idea that people’s behaviors are the result of an ongoing relationship between the interaction of personality traits passed down biologically and the social environment.

Answer 27

Nature versus nurture

Question 28

Refers to the socialization primarily of children and adolescents.

Answer 28

Primary socialization

Question 29

Is the process by which a total institution undoes much of the socialization to dominant societal norms and values in order to resocialize personnel to that institution’s norms and values.

Answer 29

Resocialization

Question 30

Refers to Erik Erikson’s fifth stage of socioemotional development, identity versus role confusion. Erikson believed that the major challenge for children during this stage is to successfully develop a unique identity. However, children who aren’t able to form a strong sense of self may develop what he called role confusion. Role confusion is when children are not sure of who and what they are and the subsequent roles they are expected to perform.

Answer 30

Role Confusion

Question 31

Refers to socialization that occurs in adulthood. While the family remains an important primary and secondary socialization agent, socialization agents in adulthood also include higher education, work and the military.

Answer 31

Secondary socialization

Question 32

Is an awareness of the self, which is largely formed as a reaction to how we perceive the way others see us.

Answer 32

Self-consciousness

Question 33

Refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Answer 33

Sex

Question 34

Was a German psychiatrist who developed the idea that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego.

Answer 34

Sigmund Freud

Question 35

Are people who have a strong influence on a person’s self and are therefore part of that person’s socialization.

Answer 35

Significant others

Question 36

Is a relationship or exchange by one or more people in which the people engaged in that interaction have the potential to affect one another.

Answer 36

Social interaction

Question 37

Is the lifelong process by which the self internalizes the norms and values of the groups to which that person belongs, so that he or she can become a functioning member of society.

Answer 37

Socialization

Question 38

Is the process of socialization that is used by the military to socialize new troops into the military culture.

Answer 38

Solderization

Question 39

Was a theory developed by the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg believed that people progress through four stages, each with its own moral challenges, as they develop their personal moral code to handle more complex moral dilemmas.

Answer 39

Stages of moral development

Question 40

According to Freud, is essentially a person’s moral conscience, which acts to suppress the id and regulate the ego.

Answer 40

Superego

Question 41

Was proposed by psychiatrist Erik Erikson. Erikson believed that people progressed through a series of psychosocial stages as they developed.

Answer 41

Theory of psychosocial development

Question 42

Is a system that controls virtually every aspect of the lives of its members. The military is a prime example.

Answer 42

Total institution

Question 43

Is doing something without the expectation of benefitting from it. Altruism is the general term for helping others without the expectation of being rewarded in some way.

Answer 43

Volunteerism