chapter 7

Question 1

define concept

Answer 1

categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
ex.tolerance, freedom, dogs

Question 2

prototype

Answer 2

a first example from which all later forms can be developed

Question 3

natural/artifical concepts

Answer 3

-Natural concepts are sometimes called “fuzzy concepts” because of their imprecision.
-artificial concepts are those defined by a set of rules or characteristics, such as dictionary definitions or mathematical formulas

Question 4

schemata

Answer 4

mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour

Question 5

phonemes

Answer 5

individual sounds in words

Question 6

morphemes

Answer 6

individual unit of meaning
ex. ‘post-it’ ab image comes to mind

Question 7

deep structure and surface structure

Answer 7

deep- underlying meaning ex. i am picking up my phone
surface- ex. my phone is being picked up by me

Question 8

language development

Answer 8

saying first word

Question 9

language and thought

Answer 9

adding in filler words

Question 10

non-human language and thought

Answer 10

language- they distingush signs that show meaningfulness and productivity
thought- sometimes they can know it them and be deciving

Question 11

problem solving stratgies

Answer 11

-trial and error
-algorisms (set procedure)
-Heuristics (somewhere in between) can include working backwords, and means-ends analysis

Question 12

problem solving obstacles

Answer 12

-mental set (solve problem the same way) ex. car doesnt start=need gas
-functional fixedness (different fuctions for same thing)
-biases
anchoring (maing you think what to expect)
confirmation (looks for things that support reasoning)
hindsight (knew it all along)
reprsentative
avalability (what you have in your brain)

Question 13

framing in decision making

Answer 13

survival or mortality
ex. the different sides of covid- survival rate vs. mortality

Question 14

compensatory model

Answer 14

weighs the positive and negative and allows for positive attributes to compensate for the negative ones.

Question 15

identify main theorist

Answer 15

spearman aka general ‘G’- a general mental ability to multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical (can be used for lots of things)

thurstone- intelligence is composed of several different factors. verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning. (indpenedent abilities)

Question 16

conteporary theorists

Answer 16

sternberg- triarchic (booksmart) (practical) (creative)
gardner- multiple intelligences
goleman- emotional intelligences person’s ability to manage his feelings so that those feelings are expressed appropriately and effectively

Question 17

Differentiate Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence

Answer 17

being able to read emotion and responde
fluid- abilities
crystalized- intelligence

Question 18

Examples of Intelligence Tests

Answer 18

standford-Binet intelligence scale (verbal reasoning, abstract/visual, quantitative, short-term memory)
wechsler- verbal comp., visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory
group tests

Question 19

Understand IQ Distribution/Typical IQ Score

Answer 19

average is 100
it measures ability to take tests and there is more to intelligence besides school success.

Question 20

criticsm of IQ tests

Answer 20

only measures ability to take tests
some say the test discriminates against miorities
theres more to intelligence than school success

Question 21

Relationship of Heredity and Environment to IQ

Answer 21

gene/environment- a person’s IQ is highly influenced by genetic factors

Question 22

the flynn effect

Answer 22

a secular increase in population intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 23

Gender and Cultural Differences in IQ

Answer 23

no overall differences but can vary in verbal and spatial test

Question 24

Identification of Extremes of Intelligence

Answer 24

intellectual disability and giftedness

Question 25

Arguments for and Against Mainstreaming and Tracking

Answer 25

pros- people with special nees develope better social skills
cons- some learners need to go at a faster pace

Question 26

Explain Creativity

Answer 26

definition- divergent thinking
relationship to IQ- Below an IQ level of 120, a correlation between IQ and creativity is observed, whereas no correlation is observed at IQ levels above 120.

Question 27

Distinguish Between Convergent and Divergent Thinking

Answer 27

Convergent- thinking focuses on finding one well-defined solution to a problem.
Divergent- thinking is the opposite of convergent thinking and involves more creativity.