chapter 7 Flashcards
define concept
categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
ex.tolerance, freedom, dogs
prototype
a first example from which all later forms can be developed
natural/artifical concepts
-Natural concepts are sometimes called “fuzzy concepts” because of their imprecision.
-artificial concepts are those defined by a set of rules or characteristics, such as dictionary definitions or mathematical formulas
schemata
mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour
phonemes
individual sounds in words
morphemes
individual unit of meaning
ex. ‘post-it’ ab image comes to mind
deep structure and surface structure
deep- underlying meaning ex. i am picking up my phone
surface- ex. my phone is being picked up by me
language development
saying first word
language and thought
adding in filler words
non-human language and thought
language- they distingush signs that show meaningfulness and productivity
thought- sometimes they can know it them and be deciving
problem solving stratgies
-trial and error
-algorisms (set procedure)
-Heuristics (somewhere in between) can include working backwords, and means-ends analysis
problem solving obstacles
-mental set (solve problem the same way) ex. car doesnt start=need gas
-functional fixedness (different fuctions for same thing)
-biases
anchoring (maing you think what to expect)
confirmation (looks for things that support reasoning)
hindsight (knew it all along)
reprsentative
avalability (what you have in your brain)
framing in decision making
survival or mortality
ex. the different sides of covid- survival rate vs. mortality
compensatory model
weighs the positive and negative and allows for positive attributes to compensate for the negative ones.
identify main theorist
spearman aka general ‘G’- a general mental ability to multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical (can be used for lots of things)
thurstone- intelligence is composed of several different factors. verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning. (indpenedent abilities)
