chapter 7 Flashcards
define concept
categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
ex.tolerance, freedom, dogs
prototype
a first example from which all later forms can be developed
natural/artifical concepts
-Natural concepts are sometimes called “fuzzy concepts” because of their imprecision.
-artificial concepts are those defined by a set of rules or characteristics, such as dictionary definitions or mathematical formulas
schemata
mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour
phonemes
individual sounds in words
morphemes
individual unit of meaning
ex. ‘post-it’ ab image comes to mind
deep structure and surface structure
deep- underlying meaning ex. i am picking up my phone
surface- ex. my phone is being picked up by me
language development
saying first word
language and thought
adding in filler words
non-human language and thought
language- they distingush signs that show meaningfulness and productivity
thought- sometimes they can know it them and be deciving
problem solving stratgies
-trial and error
-algorisms (set procedure)
-Heuristics (somewhere in between) can include working backwords, and means-ends analysis
problem solving obstacles
-mental set (solve problem the same way) ex. car doesnt start=need gas
-functional fixedness (different fuctions for same thing)
-biases
anchoring (maing you think what to expect)
confirmation (looks for things that support reasoning)
hindsight (knew it all along)
reprsentative
avalability (what you have in your brain)
framing in decision making
survival or mortality
ex. the different sides of covid- survival rate vs. mortality
compensatory model
weighs the positive and negative and allows for positive attributes to compensate for the negative ones.
identify main theorist
spearman aka general ‘G’- a general mental ability to multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical (can be used for lots of things)
thurstone- intelligence is composed of several different factors. verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning. (indpenedent abilities)
conteporary theorists
sternberg- triarchic (booksmart) (practical) (creative)
gardner- multiple intelligences
goleman- emotional intelligences person’s ability to manage his feelings so that those feelings are expressed appropriately and effectively
Differentiate Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
being able to read emotion and responde
fluid- abilities
crystalized- intelligence
Examples of Intelligence Tests
standford-Binet intelligence scale (verbal reasoning, abstract/visual, quantitative, short-term memory)
wechsler- verbal comp., visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory
group tests
Understand IQ Distribution/Typical IQ Score
average is 100
it measures ability to take tests and there is more to intelligence besides school success.
criticsm of IQ tests
only measures ability to take tests
some say the test discriminates against miorities
theres more to intelligence than school success
Relationship of Heredity and Environment to IQ
gene/environment- a person’s IQ is highly influenced by genetic factors
the flynn effect
a secular increase in population intelligence quotient (IQ)
Gender and Cultural Differences in IQ
no overall differences but can vary in verbal and spatial test
Identification of Extremes of Intelligence
intellectual disability and giftedness
Arguments for and Against Mainstreaming and Tracking
pros- people with special nees develope better social skills
cons- some learners need to go at a faster pace
Explain Creativity
definition- divergent thinking
relationship to IQ- Below an IQ level of 120, a correlation between IQ and creativity is observed, whereas no correlation is observed at IQ levels above 120.
Distinguish Between Convergent and Divergent Thinking
Convergent- thinking focuses on finding one well-defined solution to a problem.
Divergent- thinking is the opposite of convergent thinking and involves more creativity.
