chapter 6 Flashcards
Define Learning
when experience/ practice results in permanent change in behavior
Define Both Classical and Operant Conditioning
classical-associating an involuntary response and a stimulus
operant- associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
Examples of Classical and Operant Conditioning
classical- Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, who salivated in response to a bell tone
operant- A child listens quietly during story time after being praised for that same behavior.
Difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical- behavior is involuntary (dog salivating when seeing food)
operant- behavior is voluntary (dog chooses to sit for treat)
pavlovs experiment
He trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
The bell was a neutral stimulus, since the dogs previously had no reaction to it.
Pavlov would use the bell every time the dogs were fed, and the dogs began to associate the sound with food.
Salivating was their conditioned response.
understand unconditioned stimulus and response
uncondtioned stimulus- stimulus leads to automatic response (smell of food= feeling hungry)
unconditioned response- automatic response to a stimulus ( feeling hungry after smelling food)
stimulus control
is a predictable pattern of behavior in the presence of a certain stimulus, and another pattern in the absence of that stimulus (ex. if you always eat when you watch TV, your eating behavior is controlled by the stimulus of watching TV.)
stimulus generalization and discrimination
discrimination- is when we learn to respond only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli (ex. shot= doctor)
generalization- is when we respond not only to the original stimulus, but also to other similar stimuli (ex. shot=fear)
Biological Preparedness and Taste Aversion
Biological preparedness argues that organisms are more likely to become averse with foods traditionally associated with sickness and gastrointestinal distress.
ex. eat pepperoni pizza while watching a movie, and three hours later, he becomes nauseated he will associate that with the pizza not the movie
law of effect
if behavior has good consequence you will do it again
ex. if you study good for a test, youll use same method
positive/negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement- child receives money for doing chores= adding something
negative reinforcement= instead of being rewarded with an item for making positive choices, and item is removed after a specific behavior is shown = taking away for good purpose
positive/ negative punishment
positive- scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class = added to decrease behavior
negative- losing access to toy= taken away for undesirable behavior
shaping
series of successful reinforcement steps
ex. when baby learns to walk they are cheered on
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
primary=food
secondary= money
Relationship of Operant Conditioning to Superstition
a chance occurrence is linked with a positive outcome, which then increases the likelihood of repeating the behaviour.
ex. using pencil on test and getting good grade= using same pencil again
learned helplessness
gives up because repetative action doesnt work
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
fixed interval= same time every week=always the same (these two are intervals are timers)
variable interval= about once every week=not always the same (these two are intervals are timers)
fixed ratio= after so many times you get reinforced= always the same number (measued by # of behaviors)
variable ratio= after so many times=not always the same number (measued by # of behaviors)
Role of Contingencies in Classical and Operant Conditioning
Contingency theory proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur.
Process of Extinction/Recovery in Classical and Operant Conditioning
extinction- fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time.
recovery-sudden reapearance of a previously extinct conditioned response
latent learning
knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it
ex. kitten watching mom use litter box = kitten using litter box
cognitive map
you memory of something
ex. friend asks how to get to your house= you maping out roads in your mind
insight
ah-ha moment
Aspects of Observational Learning – Who, Why, How
attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
modeling
what you take in and pay attention to repeat behavior
Understand conditioned stimulus and response
conditioned stimulus- a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response (sound of a bell is CS and dogs salivating is CR)
conditioned response- learned response to neutral stimulus( witnessing car accident= fear of driving)
