chapter #7 Flashcards
an autotroph is an organism that?
extracts energy from organic souses and converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy
what processes are required for the complete oxidation of glucose?
the citric acid cycle, glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation.
what is NOT a product of glycolysis?
CO2
Glycolysis provides ATP by?
substrate level phosphorylation (high energy phosphate bond added to ADP)
what is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular respiration?
it functions as a electron carrier
the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the?
matrix of the mitochondria
the electrons careered by the NADH and FADH2 can be…
.. move between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
what is the the statement NOT regarding cellular respiration?
electrons have a higher potential energy at the end of the processes
the direct source of energy for the ATP produced by ATP synthase comes from…
…a proton gradient
what does anerobic respiration do?
it yields less energy than aerobic respiration because other final electrons acceptors have a lower affinity for electrons than O2/ without oxygen.
what is the importance of fermentation for cellular metabolism?
it oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2
the link between electron transport and ATP synthesis
is a proton gradient
A chemical agent that makes holes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria would?
stop ATP synthesis
yeast cells that have mutations in genes that encode enzymes in glycolysis can still grow glycerol. they are able to utilize glycerol because it….
can feed the citric acid cycle and generate ATP via electron transport chemiosmosis
what is glucose in glycolysis?
is the starting material for the reaction
what is glucose in cellular respiration?
cellular respiration does not directly use glucose, however, it does use pyruvate derived from glucose
what is pyruvate in glycolysis?
the end product
what is pyruvate in cellular respiration?
the starting material for cellular respiration.
what is oxygen in glycolysis?
it is not required
what is the respiration with oxygen?
required for aerobic respiration, but not required for anaerobic respiration
what is ATP in glycolysis?
produced through substrate level phosphorylation
what is ATP in cellular respiration?
produced through oxidative phosphorylation. more produced than glycolysis
what is CO2 in glycolysis?
not required
what is co2 in cellular respiration?
produced during pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle
recent data indicate a link between colder temperatures and weight loss . if adults retrain brow fat, how can this be explained?
If brown fat persist in adults. then the uncoupling mechanism to generate heat described above could result in weight loss under cold conditions. there is now come evidence to indicate that this may be the case
what is the first step of glycolysis?
the first step has a 6 carbon glucose molecule ATP is added to the molecule then the ATP reduces to ADP and a phosphate is added to the ends of the 6- carbon molecule
what is the second step of glycolysis?
the second step is when the 6-carbon phosphate is split into 2 three carbon sugar phosphates
what is the third step of glycolysis?
in the third step the phosphates are added to oxidize ADP to make it ATP yielding the NADH giving a net energy of yield of 2 ATPs and 2 NADH
One common feature of electron carriers such as NAD+:
they can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.
explain:
Electron carriers both lose and gain electrons to become oxidized and reduced, respectively. Review electron carriers in respiration in section 7.1.
Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria. How do red blood cells generate most of their ATP?
Through glycolysis coupled with lactic acid fermentation(anaerobic version)
If dehydrogenation reactions were not possible and cells could only carry out basic redox reactions, how would this affect the ability of cells to harness energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates?
It would likely take more steps to breakdown carbohydrates to generate energy, as only one electron at a time could be removed.
You would like to study the activity of glycolysis in a cell undergoing cellular respiration in the presence of ample oxygen. Assuming you could experimentally measure the level of any product of cellular respiration, which product would you want to measure to determine the output of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
what is the products of glycolysis.
2pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADPH
Auto-brewery syndrome is a condition where people appear to be drunk and have elevated blood alcohol levels, despite having not ingested any alcoholic beverages. What do you predict underlies this syndrome in humans?
Fermentation by yeast found in the digestive system
A common feature of electron carriers such as NAD+NAD+ is that:
they can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.
When cells possess plentiful amounts of ATP, what happens to cellular respiration processes within the cell?
Glycolysis is slowed.
If dehydrogenation reactions were not possible and cells could only carry out basic redox reactions, how would this affect the ability of cells to harness energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates?
It would likely take more steps to breakdown carbohydrates to generate energy, as only one electron at a time could be removed.
how much ATP is made in the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP
how much ATP does glycolysis make?
2 ATP(net gain)
what process makes the most ATP?
electron transport chain
how much total yield of ATP can be made with one molecule of glucose?
32
Define ATP synthase
catalyzes the formation of ATP (on page 142, figure 7.15)
