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general biology 101 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is the Frederick Griffith experiment?

A

it was comparing two strands of Streptococcus there was an S strain is virulent and a
R strain is nonvirulent. when a variant was dead the mouse lived but with a cocktail of live and dead cells the animal died.

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3
Q

what did Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty process of the experiment?

A

first they repeated Griffith’s experiment, then they found out that Removal of all protein from the transforming material did not destroy its ability to transform R strain cells, DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed all transforming ability, and lastly Supported DNA as the genetic material, at least in bacteria

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4
Q

what was the Hershey & Chase experiment?

A

they were able to separate the phages into radioactive sulfur-containing protein ghosts and radioactive phosphorus-containing DNA. They found that the radioactive sulfur protein ghosts could attach to bacterial membranes while the radioactive phosphorus DNA could not

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5
Q

How are monomers linked?

A

monomers are linked by Phosphodiester bonds

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6
Q

how are phosphodiester bonds formed

A

Formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′ —OH of the next nucleotide

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7
Q

what is the Structure of a single strand of DNA?

A

Phosphodiester backbone and a 5’ to 3’

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8
Q

Erwin Chargaff determined that:

A

Always an equal proportion of two-ringed purines (A and G) and single-ringed pyrimidines (C and T) Amount of adenine = amount of thymine amount of cytosine = amount of guanine The ratio of A-T and G-C varies by species

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9
Q

what did Rosalind Franklin discover?

A

she discovered that the molecule has a diameter of 2 nm and makes a complete turn of the helix every 3.4 nm she used Maurice Wilkins’

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10
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick discover?

A

Deduced the structure of D N A using evidence from Chargaff, Franklin, and others, Strands
connected via hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands, Result is specific base-pairs: A-T and G-C, Helix has a consistent diameter, is stable because of additive property of thousands of low-energy hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Pattern of base-paring is

A

complementary

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12
Q

Two strands of single DNA molecule are _____ identical

A

not

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13
Q

each strand specifies the other by ____

A

base-pair complementarity

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14
Q

Conservative DNA is

A
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15
Q

semiconservative DNA is

A
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16
Q

dispersive DNA is

A
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17
Q

what was the Meselson and Stahl experiment for round 1?

A

Round 1 = 1 density band
Conservative model rejected
Dispersive & Semiconservative supported

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18
Q

what was the Meselson and Stahl experiment for round 2?

A

Round 2 = 2 bands
Semiconservative supported
Dispersive rejected

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19
Q

what are the stages of DNA replication?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination,

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20
Q

central dogma steps

A

Transcription = D N A → R N A (both nucleic acids)

Translation = R N A → protein (from nucleic acid to protein)

Retroviruses violate this order using reverse transcriptase to convert their R N A genome into DNA

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21
Q

Transcription = D N A-directed synthesis of _____

A

RNA

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22
Q

the template strand is:

A

Only one strand of DNA copied as RNA

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23
Q

the coding strand is:

A

Strand of DNA not used as template

24
Q

mRNA used to direct _____ of polypeptides

A

synthesis

25
Q

Messenger RNA

A

intermediate form of information from nucleus to cytoplasm for processing

26
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

class of R N A found in ribosomes, is essential for their function in protein production

27
Q

Transfer RNA

A

intermediary adapter molecule between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

28
Q

Small nuclear RNA

A

part of machinery involved in processing of “pre-mRNA” in splicing

29
Q

Signal recognition particle RNA

A

mediator for proteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

Small RNAs

A

– involved in control of gene expression

31
Q

Start codon Codon ______ used to signify the start of translation

A

AUG

32
Q

Stop codons
Three codons used to terminate translation

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

33
Q

Many eukaryotic genes contain sequences that are ___represented in mRNA

A

Not

34
Q

Introns

A

non-coding sequences

35
Q

Exons

A

sequences that will be translated

36
Q

exon shuffling

A

introns suggests exons are functional domains and intron-exon arrangements represent shuffling of those domains over evolutionary timescale

37
Q

Some support from genetic data, but _____

A

not universal

38
Q

Promoter

A

forms recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase( where start site is located)

39
Q

Start site

A

actual site where RNA synthesis begins

40
Q

All RNA is synthesized from a DNA template by _____

A

transcription

41
Q

Sequences the “stop” signal to RNA polymerase

A

RNA–DNA hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates
R N A polymerase releases the DNA
DNA rewinds

42
Q

_______ bonds are weakest bonds, results in dissociation of RNA from DNA in transcription bubble

A

A-U

43
Q

Can form a hairpin, which causes RNA polymerase to pause at ______

A

uracil

44
Q

what are the differences of Procaryotes and eukaryotes replication

A

procaryotes: Prokaryotes have operons,

45
Q

Operon

A

A single mRNA may contain multiple genes

46
Q

RNA polymerase I transcribes what?

A

rRNA

47
Q

RNA polymerase II transcribes what?

A

mRNA and some snRNA

48
Q

RNA polymerase III transcribes what?

A

tRNA and some other small RNAs

49
Q

Each R N A polymerase recognizes its own_____

A

promoter

50
Q

RNA Pol II promoters:

A

Consist of a “core promoter” that can be composed of a number of elements, including the TATA box (TATA sequence upstream of start site)

51
Q

RNA Pol III promoters

A

Most are found within the gene itself

52
Q

Elongation complex factors coordinated by structural feature called

A

carboxyl terminal domain

53
Q

explain Eukaryotic initiation complex

A

proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation.

54
Q

_____ is added to 5′ end, with GTP modified by addition of
_______ group, called methyl-G cap
Involved in ________ initiation, RNA stability, and further processing

A

GTP, methyl, translation

55
Q

Transcriptome

A

all the RNAs produced from a genome

56
Q

Proteome

A

all the proteins produced from a genome

57
Q

How is it possible for one gene to produce multiple transcripts or proteins?

A

Alternative splicing, processes of a single primary transcript being spliced into different mRNAs by including different sets of exons, can account for deviation from balanced ratio

general biology 101 (16 decks)

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