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Chapter#10 Flashcards

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1
Q

explain binary fission?

A

duplication and segregation of genetic information into daughter cells

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2
Q

what is a Haploid?

A

the number of different chromosomes in a species

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3
Q

what is a diploid?

A

FOR HUMANS and many other species the total number of chromosomes in a cell

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4
Q

describe the septation process?

A

occurs in the midpoint/middle of the cell, copies the protein FtsZ, the growth of proteins(include the membrane), contracts inward till cells pinch off.

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5
Q

what is homologous?

A

the material and paternal chromosomes

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6
Q

what is homologue?

A

what is paired to the homologous

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7
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

a particular array of chromosomes an indivigual organism processes

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8
Q

what is the process of organizing of chromatin in the nucleus?

A

territories, compartments, TADs, beads in a string, nucleosome, DNA helix duplex

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9
Q

what are condensin proteins?

A

is a SMC A structural maintenance of a chromosome, they interact with DNA

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10
Q

what is sister chromatids?

A

are 2 replicas of the same chromosome

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11
Q

what is the process of a gap phase 1?

A

growth phase of the cell( between cytokinesis and DNA synthesis)

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12
Q

what is a gap phase 2?

A

is the growth phase, prep for the separation process of a newly replicated chromosome

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13
Q

what is mitosis?

A

phase of the cell cycle, binds to chromosomes, moves sister chromatids apart.

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14
Q

what are the cell cycle phases?

A

G1, DNA synthesis, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

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15
Q

what is kinetochores?

A

separation of sister chromatids during mitosis, the chromatids are held together by cohesion proteins

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16
Q

where do FtsZ proteins live?

A

the ring formation in the cell

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17
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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18
Q

what is the tubulin?

A

a protein that forms microtubules that will be used to make mitotic spindle

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19
Q

what are the phases in interphase?

A

g2, g1, and s

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20
Q

binary fission in procaryotes does not require the?

A

assembly of the nuclear envelope

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21
Q

chromatin is composed of ?

A

DNA and protein

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22
Q

what is nucleosome?

A

A region of DNA wound around
histone proteins

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23
Q

what is the role of cohesion proteins in cell division?

A

they hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together

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24
Q

the kinetochore is a structure that functions to…..

A

aid in chromosome condensation

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25
Q

separation of the sister chromatids occurs during what phase?

A

anaphase

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26
Q

why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division?

A

it is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents

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27
Q

what steps in the cycle cycle represent irreversible commitments?

A

the G1/S checkpoint and anaphase

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28
Q

cyclin- dependent kinases (cdks) are regulated by…..

A

the periodic description of cyclin

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29
Q

the bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesin proteins , and condinsin proteins share a similar structure. functionally they all do what?

A

interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together

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30
Q

genetically. proto- oncogenes act in a dominant fashion. this is because…..

A

they act in a gain of function to turn on the cell cycle

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31
Q

the metaphase to anaphase transition involves…

A

loss of cohesion between sister chromatids

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32
Q

the main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division is that….

A

bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are concerted processes but in eukaryotes they are separated

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33
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by a contractile ring containing actin. the related process in bacteria is…

A

separation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin-like protein

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34
Q

Sister chromatids are present after–

A

Prophase

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35
Q

A photograph of the cell’s chromosome is a(n)—

A

karyotype

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36
Q

what is the process of prophase

A

the spindle apparatus assembles, two centrioles move to opposite poles forming spindle apparatus (no centrioles in plants),Nuclear envelope breaks down

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37
Q

what is the process of metaphase?

A

Alignment of chromosomes along metaphase plate(the middle of the cell),

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38
Q

what is the G0 phase?

A
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39
Q

what is the process of S phase?

A

the replication of DNA

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40
Q

what is are the phases of miosis in order?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

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41
Q

what is the process of anaphase?

A

starts to begin when the centromeres split, key event is removal of cohesin proteins from all chromosomes,
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles

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42
Q

what is the process of the telophase?

A

the spindle apparatus disassembles, Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids(now called chromosomes), chromosomes begin to uncoil, the nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus

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43
Q

what does CTCF protein do?

A

Binds DNA

44
Q

what is it called when the TADs domain is not active?

A

heterochromatin

45
Q

what is it called when the TADs domain is active?

A

euchromatin

46
Q

what is the protein that holds the centromeres together?

A

cohesin proteins

47
Q

what is the process of the prometaphase?

A

Microtubule attachment, 2nd group grows from poles and attaches to kinetochores, each sister chromatid connect to opposite poles, chromosomes begin to move to center of cell otherwise known as congression, assembly and disassembly of microtubules, motor proteins at kinetochores

48
Q

what is the process of anaphase A?

A

kinetochores pulled toward poles

49
Q

what is the process of anaphase B?

A

when the poles move apart

50
Q

what happens in animal cells in the process of cytokinesis?

A

the constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow

51
Q

what happens in plant cells in the process of cytokinesis?

A

cell plate forms between the nuclei

52
Q

what happens in the process of cytokinesis in fungi, bacteria and some protists?

A

nuclear membrane does not dissolve; mitosis occurs within the nucleus; division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis

53
Q

what was the factor of frog oocytes?

A

MPF

54
Q

what kind of activity and involvement does MPF have?

A

MPF has enzymatic activity and involved the phosphorylation of proteins

55
Q

what can MPF indues in in cytoplasm?

A

cell division

56
Q

what are the forms of cyclins?

A

one peaks at G1/S and G2/M

57
Q

the cell cycle has two irreversible points, what are they?

A

Replication of genetic material, Separation of the sister chromatids

58
Q

what is it called when Cell cycle can be put on hold at specific points?

A

Checkpoints

59
Q

what do the checkpoints do?

A

the process is checked for accuracy and can be halted if there are errors and also allows the cell to respond to internal and external signals

60
Q

what is maturation?

A

promotes the factor MPF

61
Q

Yeast mutants that halted during cell division were used to identify genes necessary for cell cycle progression. In yeast there were two critical control points what are they?

A

commitment to DNA synthesis (“START”), commitment to mitosis

62
Q

the cdc2 gene is critical for passing what boundary?

A

cdc2 genes pass through both

63
Q

what was the first dependent kinase?

A

cdc2 gene

64
Q

what is the key positive driver for the cell cycle?

A

Cdks

65
Q

what is MPF composed of?

A

cyclin and cdc2 kinase

66
Q

what are the 3 checkpoints?

A

G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint and late metaphase spindle checkpoint

67
Q

what happens in the G1/S checkpoint?

A

Cell “decides” to divide, and the primary is the point for external signal influence.

68
Q

what happens in the G2/M checkpoint?

A

Cell makes a commitment to mitosis and assesses success of DNA replication.

69
Q

what happens in the Late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?

A

Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

70
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

G1 phase

71
Q

what is the primary mechanism of the cell cycle control?

A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)

72
Q

T or F. Cdks partner with the same cyclins at different points in the cell cycle

A

false, Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle

73
Q

T or F. Cdks partner with different cyclins at the same points in the cell cycle

A

false, Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle

74
Q

T or F Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle

A

true

75
Q

what promotes the cell cycle?

A

Cdks

76
Q

Activity of Cdk is controlled by……

A

phosphorylation

77
Q

phosphorylation of one site is _ and is _ on the other site

A

inactive, active

78
Q

M phase cyclin is necessary for M P F function, activity is controlled by……

A

inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase component, Cdc2

79
Q

what is another name for Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC)?

A

cyclosome (APC/C)

80
Q

what is the function of (APC/C)?

A

to trigger anaphase itself

81
Q

what promotes movement to anaphase?

A

APC/C

82
Q

what marks Marks securin for destruction; no inhibition of separase(attacked); separase destroys cohesion?

A

APC/C

83
Q

what are the responsibilities for the G2/M checkpoint in yeast cells?

A

replication,

84
Q

what are one of the first growth factors identified?

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (P D G F)

85
Q

what does a PDGF receptor do?

A

amplifies signals, make larger

86
Q

what kind of kinase is the PDGF receptor?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK( that initiates a M A P kinase cascade to stimulate cell division

87
Q

what is the first action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?

A

proteins bind to a receptor that activate Ras by exchanging GDP for GTP

88
Q

what is the second action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?

A

Ras activates the first kinases (Raf)

89
Q

what is the third action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?

A

Raf activates the second kinases (MEK)

90
Q

what the the forth action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?

A

MEK activates MAP kinases (ERK)

91
Q

what the the last step of cell proliferation- signaling pathway?

A

MAP kinases (ERK) activates proteins to produce cellular responses, including transcription factors that alter gene expression.

92
Q

In cell proliferation- signaling pathway what is being added to the proteins in the stages 2-4?

A

phosphates

93
Q

Binary fission in prokaryotes does not require the…..
A. replication of DNA
B. elongation of the cell
C. separation of daughter cells by septum formation
D. assembly of the nuclear envelope

A

D. assembly of the nuclear envelope

94
Q

Chromatin is composed of…..

A

DNA and proteins

95
Q

what is a nucleosome?

A

a region of DNA wound around a histone protein

96
Q

what is the role of cohesin proteins in cell division?

A

Holds DNA of the sister chromatids together

97
Q

the kinetochore is a structure that functions to….

A

connect the centromere to microtubules

98
Q

separation the the sister chromatids occurs during..

A

anaphase

99
Q

why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division?

A

it is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents

100
Q

what step in the cell cycle irreversible commitments?

A

S/G2, G1/S checkpoints

101
Q

CDKs are regulated by…

A

the periodic destruction of cyclins

102
Q

the bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesion proteins, and condensin proteins share a similar structure

A

interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together

103
Q

genetically, poto-oncogenes act in a dominant fashion. this is because

A

they act in a gain- of- function fashion yo turn on the cell cycle

104
Q

the metaphase and anaphase transition involves

A

loss of cohesion between sister chromatids

105
Q

the main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division is that

A

bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are considered processes but in eukaryotes they are separated in time

106
Q

In animal cells , cytokinesis is accomplished by a contractile ring containing actin. the related process in bacteria is…

A

septation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin- like protein

general biology 101 (16 decks)

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