Chapter#10 Flashcards
explain binary fission?
duplication and segregation of genetic information into daughter cells
what is a Haploid?
the number of different chromosomes in a species
what is a diploid?
FOR HUMANS and many other species the total number of chromosomes in a cell
describe the septation process?
occurs in the midpoint/middle of the cell, copies the protein FtsZ, the growth of proteins(include the membrane), contracts inward till cells pinch off.
what is homologous?
the material and paternal chromosomes
what is homologue?
what is paired to the homologous
what is a karyotype?
a particular array of chromosomes an indivigual organism processes
what is the process of organizing of chromatin in the nucleus?
territories, compartments, TADs, beads in a string, nucleosome, DNA helix duplex
what are condensin proteins?
is a SMC A structural maintenance of a chromosome, they interact with DNA
what is sister chromatids?
are 2 replicas of the same chromosome
what is the process of a gap phase 1?
growth phase of the cell( between cytokinesis and DNA synthesis)
what is a gap phase 2?
is the growth phase, prep for the separation process of a newly replicated chromosome
what is mitosis?
phase of the cell cycle, binds to chromosomes, moves sister chromatids apart.
what are the cell cycle phases?
G1, DNA synthesis, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
what is kinetochores?
separation of sister chromatids during mitosis, the chromatids are held together by cohesion proteins
where do FtsZ proteins live?
the ring formation in the cell
what are the 5 stages of mitosis?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
what is the tubulin?
a protein that forms microtubules that will be used to make mitotic spindle
what are the phases in interphase?
g2, g1, and s
binary fission in procaryotes does not require the?
assembly of the nuclear envelope
chromatin is composed of ?
DNA and protein
what is nucleosome?
A region of DNA wound around
histone proteins
what is the role of cohesion proteins in cell division?
they hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together
the kinetochore is a structure that functions to…..
aid in chromosome condensation
separation of the sister chromatids occurs during what phase?
anaphase
why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division?
it is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents
what steps in the cycle cycle represent irreversible commitments?
the G1/S checkpoint and anaphase
cyclin- dependent kinases (cdks) are regulated by…..
the periodic description of cyclin
the bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesin proteins , and condinsin proteins share a similar structure. functionally they all do what?
interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together
genetically. proto- oncogenes act in a dominant fashion. this is because…..
they act in a gain of function to turn on the cell cycle
the metaphase to anaphase transition involves…
loss of cohesion between sister chromatids
the main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division is that….
bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are concerted processes but in eukaryotes they are separated
In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by a contractile ring containing actin. the related process in bacteria is…
separation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin-like protein
Sister chromatids are present after–
Prophase
A photograph of the cell’s chromosome is a(n)—
karyotype
what is the process of prophase
the spindle apparatus assembles, two centrioles move to opposite poles forming spindle apparatus (no centrioles in plants),Nuclear envelope breaks down
what is the process of metaphase?
Alignment of chromosomes along metaphase plate(the middle of the cell),
what is the G0 phase?
what is the process of S phase?
the replication of DNA
what is are the phases of miosis in order?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
what is the process of anaphase?
starts to begin when the centromeres split, key event is removal of cohesin proteins from all chromosomes,
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
what is the process of the telophase?
the spindle apparatus disassembles, Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids(now called chromosomes), chromosomes begin to uncoil, the nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus
what does CTCF protein do?
Binds DNA
what is it called when the TADs domain is not active?
heterochromatin
what is it called when the TADs domain is active?
euchromatin
what is the protein that holds the centromeres together?
cohesin proteins
what is the process of the prometaphase?
Microtubule attachment, 2nd group grows from poles and attaches to kinetochores, each sister chromatid connect to opposite poles, chromosomes begin to move to center of cell otherwise known as congression, assembly and disassembly of microtubules, motor proteins at kinetochores
what is the process of anaphase A?
kinetochores pulled toward poles
what is the process of anaphase B?
when the poles move apart
what happens in animal cells in the process of cytokinesis?
the constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow
what happens in plant cells in the process of cytokinesis?
cell plate forms between the nuclei
what happens in the process of cytokinesis in fungi, bacteria and some protists?
nuclear membrane does not dissolve; mitosis occurs within the nucleus; division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis
what was the factor of frog oocytes?
MPF
what kind of activity and involvement does MPF have?
MPF has enzymatic activity and involved the phosphorylation of proteins
what can MPF indues in in cytoplasm?
cell division
what are the forms of cyclins?
one peaks at G1/S and G2/M
the cell cycle has two irreversible points, what are they?
Replication of genetic material, Separation of the sister chromatids
what is it called when Cell cycle can be put on hold at specific points?
Checkpoints
what do the checkpoints do?
the process is checked for accuracy and can be halted if there are errors and also allows the cell to respond to internal and external signals
what is maturation?
promotes the factor MPF
Yeast mutants that halted during cell division were used to identify genes necessary for cell cycle progression. In yeast there were two critical control points what are they?
commitment to DNA synthesis (“START”), commitment to mitosis
the cdc2 gene is critical for passing what boundary?
cdc2 genes pass through both
what was the first dependent kinase?
cdc2 gene
what is the key positive driver for the cell cycle?
Cdks
what is MPF composed of?
cyclin and cdc2 kinase
what are the 3 checkpoints?
G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint and late metaphase spindle checkpoint
what happens in the G1/S checkpoint?
Cell “decides” to divide, and the primary is the point for external signal influence.
what happens in the G2/M checkpoint?
Cell makes a commitment to mitosis and assesses success of DNA replication.
what happens in the Late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?
Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
G1 phase
what is the primary mechanism of the cell cycle control?
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)
T or F. Cdks partner with the same cyclins at different points in the cell cycle
false, Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle
T or F. Cdks partner with different cyclins at the same points in the cell cycle
false, Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle
T or F Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the cell cycle
true
what promotes the cell cycle?
Cdks
Activity of Cdk is controlled by……
phosphorylation
phosphorylation of one site is _ and is _ on the other site
inactive, active
M phase cyclin is necessary for M P F function, activity is controlled by……
inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase component, Cdc2
what is another name for Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC)?
cyclosome (APC/C)
what is the function of (APC/C)?
to trigger anaphase itself
what promotes movement to anaphase?
APC/C
what marks Marks securin for destruction; no inhibition of separase(attacked); separase destroys cohesion?
APC/C
what are the responsibilities for the G2/M checkpoint in yeast cells?
replication,
what are one of the first growth factors identified?
Platelet-derived growth factor (P D G F)
what does a PDGF receptor do?
amplifies signals, make larger
what kind of kinase is the PDGF receptor?
receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK( that initiates a M A P kinase cascade to stimulate cell division
what is the first action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?
proteins bind to a receptor that activate Ras by exchanging GDP for GTP
what is the second action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?
Ras activates the first kinases (Raf)
what is the third action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?
Raf activates the second kinases (MEK)
what the the forth action of the cell proliferation- signaling pathway?
MEK activates MAP kinases (ERK)
what the the last step of cell proliferation- signaling pathway?
MAP kinases (ERK) activates proteins to produce cellular responses, including transcription factors that alter gene expression.
In cell proliferation- signaling pathway what is being added to the proteins in the stages 2-4?
phosphates
Binary fission in prokaryotes does not require the…..
A. replication of DNA
B. elongation of the cell
C. separation of daughter cells by septum formation
D. assembly of the nuclear envelope
D. assembly of the nuclear envelope
Chromatin is composed of…..
DNA and proteins
what is a nucleosome?
a region of DNA wound around a histone protein
what is the role of cohesin proteins in cell division?
Holds DNA of the sister chromatids together
the kinetochore is a structure that functions to….
connect the centromere to microtubules
separation the the sister chromatids occurs during..
anaphase
why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division?
it is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents
what step in the cell cycle irreversible commitments?
S/G2, G1/S checkpoints
CDKs are regulated by…
the periodic destruction of cyclins
the bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesion proteins, and condensin proteins share a similar structure
interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together
genetically, poto-oncogenes act in a dominant fashion. this is because
they act in a gain- of- function fashion yo turn on the cell cycle
the metaphase and anaphase transition involves
loss of cohesion between sister chromatids
the main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division is that
bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are considered processes but in eukaryotes they are separated in time
In animal cells , cytokinesis is accomplished by a contractile ring containing actin. the related process in bacteria is…
septation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin- like protein
