Chapter 7 Flashcards
Flexion occurring at the ankle.
Dorsiflexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.
Plantar flexion
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
Inversion
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular retraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular protraction
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.
Scapular Depression
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
Scapular elevation
Anatomic Location: Relatively closer to the midline of the body
Medial
Anatomic Location: Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Anatomic Location: Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Anatomic location: Position on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Anatomic location: Positioned on or toward the back of the body
Posterior
Anatomic location: Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point.
Proximal
Anatomic location: Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point
Distal
Anatomic location: Positioned below an identified reference point
Inferior
Anatomic location: Positioned above an identified reference point
Superior
Force is produced, muscles tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motions. _____________ actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isotonic
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint
Isometric
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
Isokinetic
The primary muscle providing force for a movement. Ex) The gluteus maximus is the ___for hip extension (squats)
Agonists
Muscles that assist agonist to produce a movement. A.K.A. Buddy System. Ex) The biceps brachii assist the latissmus dorsi during a pull-up.
Synergists
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.
Ex) The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension (i.e. squats)
Stabilizers
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.
Ex) During the elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist to the biceps (i.e. bicep curls)
Antagonists
When the distal segments (like hands or feet) are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface.
Ex) Push-ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges
Closed-chain exercises
When the distal segments (hands and feet) are NOT fixed, and they are free to move in space. They are nonweight-bearing.
Tends to focus on isolating the prime mover muscles.
Ex) Bicep curls, lat pulldowns, bench presses, leg curls, leg exentsions
Open-Chain Exercises
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Length-tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. (Muscle Imbalance)
Altered length-tension relationship
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
Reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
Force-couple relationship
