Chapter 7 + 11 Flashcards
Three Systems of memory
-sensory memory
-Short-term memory
-Long-term memory
Sensory memory
Memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
-sensory register
-Pattern recognition
Sensory register
-sense specific
-Ionic-Vision (1 sec)
-Echoic-Hearing (5-10 sec)
-Information that is not quickly passed to short term memory is gone forever
Pattern recognition
-The identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory
Short-term memory
-A limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information (7+/-2 chunks) for brief periods
-Used to gold information retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use
-5 to 20 seconds
children increases in span as the age
-3 at 3yrs
-6 at 9yrs
-7 at 12yrs
Decay
Gradual loss of the information
-fades away
In short term memory
Interference
-Memories get in the way of each other
-Retroactive
-Proactive
in short-term memory
Retroactive interference
New hinders the old
Proactive interference
Old hinders new
Rehearsal
-Maintenance
-Rehearsal
Short-term memory
Rehearsal-Maintenance
-Repeating the information to maintain it
Rehearsal-Elaborative
-Link information in some meaningful way
Depth of processing
-More meaningful and personal is more memorable
-visual
-Phonological
-Semantic
Short-term memory
Long-term Memory
Vast capacity
-Virtually unlimited
Long lasting
-Decades of storage
-Permastore
-Explicit
-Implicit
Primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list better than those later in the list
Long-term memory
Recency effect
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list better than those earlier in the list
Long-term memory
Von Restorff effect
Tendency to remember distinctive stimuli
Long-term memory
Explicit long-term memory
conscious retrieval of past memories/information
-Semantic
-Episodic
Implicit long-term memory
unintensiona/unconscious form of retrieval of past memories/information
-Procedural
-Priming
-Conditioning
-Habituation
3 processes of memory
-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval
Mnemonics
-Memory aids
-PEGWORD
-One is a bun…
-Method of Loci
-Imagine a location
-Keyword
-Image to associate
-Pain=Bread(French)
Schemas
-Organized mental model
-Provides a frame of reference for interpreting new situations
Ex: we know how to order at a restaurant even if weve never been there before (because of past experiences)
-Helps simplify, but may lead to memory distortions
-Expectations frame memory
Long-term memory
Recall
generating previously remembered information
measuring memory
Recognition
selecting previously remembered information from and array of options
Measuring memory
Relearning
“method of savings”
-how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before
Measuring memory
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
its in there somewhere
-NOT KNOWN
-RETRIEVAL FAILURE
long-term memory
Encoding specificity
memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding
-context-dependent memory
-State-dependent memory
Context-dependent memory
easier to remember things when context of retrieval matches context of learning
Ex: in the same learning environment)
Encoding specificity
State-dependent memory
better memory when retrieval internal state matches learning one
-Mood dependent learning
-Sad= easier to remember unpleasant events
-Happy=Easier to remember pleasant events
Encoding specificity
Single engram
1920
physical trace memory in the brain
rat in maze: more brain tissue removed= worse memory
-Location of damage didn’t seem to matter
Engram is located where?
1949
located in assemblies of neurons
-Neurons that fire together, wire together
Lont term potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening of connections among neurons due to simultaneous stimulation
-Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex show long-term enhanced response following certain stimulation (Ex learning episode, such as pavlovian fear conditioning)
-Glutamate plays a role
Brain Areas involved in memory
-Frontal lobe
-Cerebral cortex
-Prefrontal cortex
-Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Types of amnesia
-Retrograde
-Anterograde
-Infantile
Retrograde Amnesia
-Loss of past memories before onset of amnesia
Hollywood amnesia
-loss of all past memories
-very rare
Anterograde amnesia
-Inability to form new memories since onset of amnesia
-Far more common
Infantile Amnesia
people typically don’t not have memories from before they were 4 years old Because of:
-Hippocampal development
-completed around age 2
-Lack of sense of self
-15 months to 2 years
Fetal memory
Habituation to novel stimuli begins at 32 weeks in utero
Infant implicit memory
Respond to operant conditioning at 2 months
-2 months a few days
-6 months a few weeks
Memory development
-Memory span increases
-biological maturation
imporved conceptual understanding
-Better ability to find meaning and chunk
enhanced meta effort is needed
-Assess when effort is needed
-Over confidence becomes accurate assessment
Misinformation effect
the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information
Ex: how fast was the car going smashed (remembered way faster) vs Contacted “another car”
Inplanting memories is more likely:
-for PLAUSIBLE events
-for distant PAST events
The Repression Controversy
Repression
-forgetting threatening or upsetting information
individuals are more likely to struggle with forgetting traumatic events
NOT testable
Eyewitness
Not reliable
-Cross race identification
-Question wording
-crashed versus hit
-Misleading information
Childrens testimony
More suggestible
-They are young
-When the interviewer has a want for what the kid says
-When other children’s memories for events are accessible
Manufacture of memory
-the capacity to retain and retrieve information
-Recovering a memory is not playing a videotape
-a reconstructive process
Flashbulb memories
-emotional memories that are so vivid we can recall them in great detail
-they are no more accurate
-we have much greater CONFIDENCE in their accuracy
Source amnesia
the inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event
Cryptomnesia
Forgetting that “our” idea was actually someone else’s
Confabulation
Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you
-or A belief that you remembered something when it never actually happen
Confabulation is more likely when:
-You have though/heard about the imagined event many time
-The image of the event contains a lot of details
-The event is easy to imagine
-You focus on the emotional reactions to the event rather than on what actually happened
Emotions
A motivated state marked by Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and mental experience
Discrete emotions
Theory that humans experience a small number of separate emotions
-Combine to create emotional experiences
Adaptive functions of emotions
Focus attention
-Fear
Avoid toxins
-Disgust
Motivate behaviour
-Lust
7 basic emotions
-Happiness
-Anger
-Surprise
-Disgust
-Contempt
-Sadness
-Fear
-experienced by all people in all cultures
-Emerge in the first 9 months
-innate motor programs
Secondary emotions
-Complex emotions that combine primary emotions
-Guilt, embarrassment, regret
Physiology - emotions
-Physiological response to some emotions (anger-fear) are very different
-Physiological response to other emotions is similar (fear-excitement)
-Facial expressions can alter physiological and emotional state
Display rules
-Culturally derived guidelines controlling how and when to express emotions
James-Lange Theory of emotion
Experience of emotion is caused by somatic feedback
Canon-Bard theory of emotions
Thalamus simultaneously stimulate experience and physiological response
Two factor theory -theory of emotion
-Producing an emotion requires:
-Undifferentiated state of arousal
-Attempt to explain our arousal
-Why am i aroused?
-Label arousal with an emotion
Nonverbal expression
-Body language
-Gestures
-Proxemics
Nonverbal leakage
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
Ex: body language
Gestures
nonverbal expression
-Illustrators
-Manipulators
-Emblems
Illustrators - Gestures
highlight and accentuate
Manipulators - Gestures
Touch, stroke, poke another body part
Emblems - Gestures
gestures conveying established meanings
Proxemics - personal space
-Intimate
-0 to 50cm
-Affectionate touch, intimate conversation, comforting
-Personal
-50 to 125 cm
-Conversations with friends
-Social
-1.25 to 3 m (4-12ft)
-conversations with strangers, business transaction
-Public
-beyond 12ft
-listening to speeches, formal occasions
Positive psychology
-Emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and happiness
-up to 50% of happiness is genetically based
Happiness is correlated to:
-Longevity
-Increased performance
Myths about what makes us happy
-The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us
-Money makes us happy
-Happiness decline in old age
-Happiness and negative emotions lie on opposite ends of the spectrum
-people on the west coast are the happiest
Facts that are correlated to happiness
-marriage
-friendship
-college
-religion
-political affiliation
-exercise
-gratitude
-giving
-flow
Instinct theory
-Fixed action pattern
-Inherited Characteristic, common to a species that automatically produces a particular behavior in response to a particular stimulus
Drive reduction theory
-Homeostasis
-state of internal physiological equilibrium
-Disruption to homeostasis produce drives to behave in a certain way
Ex: thirst influences drinking
-“pushes” organism into action
Extrinsic motivation
EXTERNAL
performing and activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
Intrinsic motivation
INTERNAL
Performing an activity because you find it enjoyable or stimulating
Approach - approach
opposition between two attractive alternatives
-Motivational conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance
Two undesirable alternative
-Motivational conflicts
Approach - avoidance
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal
-Motivational conflict
Double approach-avoidance
being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by two goals
-Motivational conflicts
Contrast effect
once we receive reinforcement for preforming a behavior, we expect that reinforcement again
Sexual response cycle
- desire phase
2.Excitement phase
3.Plateau phase - Orgasm phase
- Resolution phase
Desire phase - Sex
something prompts sexual interest
Excitement phase - sex
-blood flows to arteries in genital organs, nipples, and breast
-sexual pleasure begins
Plateau phase - sex
sexual tension builds, ultimately leading to orgasm
Orgasm phase - sex
-sexual pleasure and physical changes peak
-respiration, heart rate, and muscle tension build
-Rhythmic muscle contractions and pleasure
Resolution phase - sex
-Physiological arousal decreases
-Refractory period begins
factors in arousal
-sexual fantasy
-expectations
-stress
-fatigue
-Anger
-Performance anxiety
-Cultural norms
-Arousing stimuli
Abnormal arousal Paraphilia
-Fetishism: inanimate object
-Pedophilia: Prepubescent children
-Exhibitionism: exposing genital
-Voyeurism: watching others
-Sadism: inflicting physical and psychological pain
-Masochism: Receiving physical and psychological pain
-Frotterism: non-consensual rubbing
Passionate love
a powerful longing for ones partner
Companionate love
a sense of deep friendship and fondness for ones partner
Initiating hunger
-Decrease in blood glucose levels are detected by liver sensors, which convert stored nutrients back into glucose
-Drop-rise pattern may be a signal of “hunger” to the brain
Satiation (stopping eating)
-Stomach and intestinal distention
-peptides sent into bloodstream as food arrive sin intestines from the stomach
Leptin
hormone in the fat cells that decrease appetite
Set point - eating
genetically programmed ratio of body fat to muscle mass that our bodies try to maintain
-modifiable
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
May be involved in stimulating eating, but is not a hunger on center
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
may influence stopping eating, but is not a hunger off center
Phycological aspects of hunger
-positively reinforced by good taste and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction
-Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating
-Beliefs, memories, and attitudes about food can also affect eating
Environemntal and culture factors - eating
-food variety
-smell and sight of food (classical conditioning)
-Presence of others
-Familiarity of food
Causes of obesity
-Genes
-Access to high-fat foods
-Cultural emphasis on “the best value”
-Encouragement of a sedentary lifestyle
Anorexia nervosa
-distorted body image
-persistent refusal to eat
-irrational fear of obesity
-high mortality
-high suicide rates
-very resistant to treatment
Bulimia nervosa
-cycle of bingeing and purging
-distorted body images fear of obesity
Pica
consitent and compulsive cravings to eat non-nutrional substances (dirt, clay, chalk, glue, hair, soap, buttons…)
-Up to 25% of children
-Most common in brain injured and developmentally delayed
