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Psyc 104 > Chapter 7 + 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 + 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Systems of memory

A

-sensory memory
-Short-term memory
-Long-term memory

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

Memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
-sensory register
-Pattern recognition

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3
Q

Sensory register

A

-sense specific
-Ionic-Vision (1 sec)
-Echoic-Hearing (5-10 sec)
-Information that is not quickly passed to short term memory is gone forever

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4
Q

Pattern recognition

A

-The identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory

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5
Q

Short-term memory

A

-A limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information (7+/-2 chunks) for brief periods
-Used to gold information retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use
-5 to 20 seconds
children increases in span as the age
-3 at 3yrs
-6 at 9yrs
-7 at 12yrs

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6
Q

Decay

A

Gradual loss of the information
-fades away
In short term memory

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7
Q

Interference

A

-Memories get in the way of each other
-Retroactive
-Proactive
in short-term memory

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8
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New hinders the old

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9
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old hinders new

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10
Q

Rehearsal

A

-Maintenance
-Rehearsal
Short-term memory

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11
Q

Rehearsal-Maintenance

A

-Repeating the information to maintain it

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12
Q

Rehearsal-Elaborative

A

-Link information in some meaningful way

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13
Q

Depth of processing

A

-More meaningful and personal is more memorable
-visual
-Phonological
-Semantic
Short-term memory

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14
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Vast capacity
-Virtually unlimited
Long lasting
-Decades of storage
-Permastore
-Explicit
-Implicit

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15
Q

Primacy effect

A

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list better than those later in the list
Long-term memory

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16
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list better than those earlier in the list
Long-term memory

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17
Q

Von Restorff effect

A

Tendency to remember distinctive stimuli
Long-term memory

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18
Q

Explicit long-term memory

A

conscious retrieval of past memories/information
-Semantic
-Episodic

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19
Q

Implicit long-term memory

A

unintensiona/unconscious form of retrieval of past memories/information
-Procedural
-Priming
-Conditioning
-Habituation

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20
Q

3 processes of memory

A

-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval

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21
Q

Mnemonics

A

-Memory aids
-PEGWORD
-One is a bun…
-Method of Loci
-Imagine a location
-Keyword
-Image to associate
-Pain=Bread(French)

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22
Q

Schemas

A

-Organized mental model
-Provides a frame of reference for interpreting new situations
Ex: we know how to order at a restaurant even if weve never been there before (because of past experiences)
-Helps simplify, but may lead to memory distortions
-Expectations frame memory
Long-term memory

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23
Q

Recall

A

generating previously remembered information
measuring memory

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24
Q

Recognition

A

selecting previously remembered information from and array of options
Measuring memory

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25
Q

Relearning

A

“method of savings”
-how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before
Measuring memory

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26
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

its in there somewhere
-NOT KNOWN
-RETRIEVAL FAILURE
long-term memory

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27
Q

Encoding specificity

A

memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding
-context-dependent memory
-State-dependent memory

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28
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

easier to remember things when context of retrieval matches context of learning
Ex: in the same learning environment)
Encoding specificity

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29
Q

State-dependent memory

A

better memory when retrieval internal state matches learning one
-Mood dependent learning
-Sad= easier to remember unpleasant events
-Happy=Easier to remember pleasant events
Encoding specificity

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30
Q

Single engram

A

1920
physical trace memory in the brain
rat in maze: more brain tissue removed= worse memory
-Location of damage didn’t seem to matter

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31
Q

Engram is located where?

A

1949
located in assemblies of neurons
-Neurons that fire together, wire together

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32
Q

Lont term potentiation (LTP)

A

Strengthening of connections among neurons due to simultaneous stimulation
-Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex show long-term enhanced response following certain stimulation (Ex learning episode, such as pavlovian fear conditioning)
-Glutamate plays a role

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33
Q

Brain Areas involved in memory

A

-Frontal lobe
-Cerebral cortex
-Prefrontal cortex
-Hippocampus
Cerebellum

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34
Q

Types of amnesia

A

-Retrograde
-Anterograde
-Infantile

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35
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

-Loss of past memories before onset of amnesia

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36
Q

Hollywood amnesia

A

-loss of all past memories
-very rare

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37
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

-Inability to form new memories since onset of amnesia
-Far more common

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38
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

people typically don’t not have memories from before they were 4 years old Because of:
-Hippocampal development
-completed around age 2
-Lack of sense of self
-15 months to 2 years

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39
Q

Fetal memory

A

Habituation to novel stimuli begins at 32 weeks in utero

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40
Q

Infant implicit memory

A

Respond to operant conditioning at 2 months
-2 months a few days
-6 months a few weeks

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41
Q

Memory development

A

-Memory span increases
-biological maturation
imporved conceptual understanding
-Better ability to find meaning and chunk
enhanced meta effort is needed
-Assess when effort is needed
-Over confidence becomes accurate assessment

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42
Q

Misinformation effect

A

the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information
Ex: how fast was the car going smashed (remembered way faster) vs Contacted “another car”

43
Q

Inplanting memories is more likely:

A

-for PLAUSIBLE events
-for distant PAST events

44
Q

The Repression Controversy

A

Repression
-forgetting threatening or upsetting information
individuals are more likely to struggle with forgetting traumatic events
NOT testable

45
Q

Eyewitness

A

Not reliable
-Cross race identification
-Question wording
-crashed versus hit
-Misleading information

46
Q

Childrens testimony

A

More suggestible
-They are young
-When the interviewer has a want for what the kid says
-When other children’s memories for events are accessible

47
Q

Manufacture of memory

A

-the capacity to retain and retrieve information
-Recovering a memory is not playing a videotape
-a reconstructive process

48
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

-emotional memories that are so vivid we can recall them in great detail
-they are no more accurate
-we have much greater CONFIDENCE in their accuracy

49
Q

Source amnesia

A

the inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event

50
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

Forgetting that “our” idea was actually someone else’s

51
Q

Confabulation

A

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you
-or A belief that you remembered something when it never actually happen

52
Q

Confabulation is more likely when:

A

-You have though/heard about the imagined event many time
-The image of the event contains a lot of details
-The event is easy to imagine
-You focus on the emotional reactions to the event rather than on what actually happened

53
Q

Emotions

A

A motivated state marked by Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and mental experience

54
Q

Discrete emotions

A

Theory that humans experience a small number of separate emotions
-Combine to create emotional experiences

55
Q

Adaptive functions of emotions

A

Focus attention
-Fear
Avoid toxins
-Disgust
Motivate behaviour
-Lust

56
Q

7 basic emotions

A

-Happiness
-Anger
-Surprise
-Disgust
-Contempt
-Sadness
-Fear
-experienced by all people in all cultures
-Emerge in the first 9 months
-innate motor programs

57
Q

Secondary emotions

A

-Complex emotions that combine primary emotions
-Guilt, embarrassment, regret

58
Q

Physiology - emotions

A

-Physiological response to some emotions (anger-fear) are very different
-Physiological response to other emotions is similar (fear-excitement)
-Facial expressions can alter physiological and emotional state

59
Q

Display rules

A

-Culturally derived guidelines controlling how and when to express emotions

60
Q

James-Lange Theory of emotion

A

Experience of emotion is caused by somatic feedback

61
Q

Canon-Bard theory of emotions

A

Thalamus simultaneously stimulate experience and physiological response

62
Q

Two factor theory -theory of emotion

A

-Producing an emotion requires:
-Undifferentiated state of arousal
-Attempt to explain our arousal
-Why am i aroused?
-Label arousal with an emotion

63
Q

Nonverbal expression

A

-Body language
-Gestures
-Proxemics

64
Q

Nonverbal leakage

A

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
Ex: body language

65
Q

Gestures

A

nonverbal expression
-Illustrators
-Manipulators
-Emblems

66
Q

Illustrators - Gestures

A

highlight and accentuate

67
Q

Manipulators - Gestures

A

Touch, stroke, poke another body part

68
Q

Emblems - Gestures

A

gestures conveying established meanings

69
Q

Proxemics - personal space

A

-Intimate
-0 to 50cm
-Affectionate touch, intimate conversation, comforting
-Personal
-50 to 125 cm
-Conversations with friends
-Social
-1.25 to 3 m (4-12ft)
-conversations with strangers, business transaction
-Public
-beyond 12ft
-listening to speeches, formal occasions

70
Q

Positive psychology

A

-Emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and happiness
-up to 50% of happiness is genetically based

71
Q

Happiness is correlated to:

A

-Longevity
-Increased performance

72
Q

Myths about what makes us happy

A

-The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us
-Money makes us happy
-Happiness decline in old age
-Happiness and negative emotions lie on opposite ends of the spectrum
-people on the west coast are the happiest

73
Q

Facts that are correlated to happiness

A

-marriage
-friendship
-college
-religion
-political affiliation
-exercise
-gratitude
-giving
-flow

74
Q

Instinct theory

A

-Fixed action pattern
-Inherited Characteristic, common to a species that automatically produces a particular behavior in response to a particular stimulus

75
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

-Homeostasis
-state of internal physiological equilibrium
-Disruption to homeostasis produce drives to behave in a certain way
Ex: thirst influences drinking
-“pushes” organism into action

76
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

EXTERNAL
performing and activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

77
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

INTERNAL
Performing an activity because you find it enjoyable or stimulating

78
Q

Approach - approach

A

opposition between two attractive alternatives
-Motivational conflict

79
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance

A

Two undesirable alternative
-Motivational conflicts

80
Q

Approach - avoidance

A

Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal
-Motivational conflict

81
Q

Double approach-avoidance

A

being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by two goals
-Motivational conflicts

82
Q

Contrast effect

A

once we receive reinforcement for preforming a behavior, we expect that reinforcement again

83
Q

Sexual response cycle

A
  1. desire phase
    2.Excitement phase
    3.Plateau phase
  2. Orgasm phase
  3. Resolution phase
84
Q

Desire phase - Sex

A

something prompts sexual interest

85
Q

Excitement phase - sex

A

-blood flows to arteries in genital organs, nipples, and breast
-sexual pleasure begins

86
Q

Plateau phase - sex

A

sexual tension builds, ultimately leading to orgasm

87
Q

Orgasm phase - sex

A

-sexual pleasure and physical changes peak
-respiration, heart rate, and muscle tension build
-Rhythmic muscle contractions and pleasure

88
Q

Resolution phase - sex

A

-Physiological arousal decreases
-Refractory period begins

89
Q

factors in arousal

A

-sexual fantasy
-expectations
-stress
-fatigue
-Anger
-Performance anxiety
-Cultural norms
-Arousing stimuli

90
Q

Abnormal arousal Paraphilia

A

-Fetishism: inanimate object
-Pedophilia: Prepubescent children
-Exhibitionism: exposing genital
-Voyeurism: watching others
-Sadism: inflicting physical and psychological pain
-Masochism: Receiving physical and psychological pain
-Frotterism: non-consensual rubbing

91
Q

Passionate love

A

a powerful longing for ones partner

92
Q

Companionate love

A

a sense of deep friendship and fondness for ones partner

93
Q

Initiating hunger

A

-Decrease in blood glucose levels are detected by liver sensors, which convert stored nutrients back into glucose
-Drop-rise pattern may be a signal of “hunger” to the brain

94
Q

Satiation (stopping eating)

A

-Stomach and intestinal distention
-peptides sent into bloodstream as food arrive sin intestines from the stomach

95
Q

Leptin

A

hormone in the fat cells that decrease appetite

96
Q

Set point - eating

A

genetically programmed ratio of body fat to muscle mass that our bodies try to maintain
-modifiable

97
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

May be involved in stimulating eating, but is not a hunger on center

98
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

may influence stopping eating, but is not a hunger off center

99
Q

Phycological aspects of hunger

A

-positively reinforced by good taste and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction
-Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating
-Beliefs, memories, and attitudes about food can also affect eating

100
Q

Environemntal and culture factors - eating

A

-food variety
-smell and sight of food (classical conditioning)
-Presence of others
-Familiarity of food

101
Q

Causes of obesity

A

-Genes
-Access to high-fat foods
-Cultural emphasis on “the best value”
-Encouragement of a sedentary lifestyle

102
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

-distorted body image
-persistent refusal to eat
-irrational fear of obesity
-high mortality
-high suicide rates
-very resistant to treatment

103
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

-cycle of bingeing and purging
-distorted body images fear of obesity

104
Q

Pica

A

consitent and compulsive cravings to eat non-nutrional substances (dirt, clay, chalk, glue, hair, soap, buttons…)
-Up to 25% of children
-Most common in brain injured and developmentally delayed

Psyc 104 (4 decks)

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