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Psyc 104 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

-Social cultural (culture)
-psychological (person)
-Biological (cell)

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2
Q

Analysis of social cultural (culture)

A

-social or behavioral
-group influences, relating to others
-involves relating to others and personal relationships
-Ex: our culture has specific ways woman and men can react to things

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3
Q

Analysis of psychological

A

-Person
-mental or neurological
-personal thoughts, feelings, emotions

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4
Q

Analysis or biological

A

-cell
-molecular or neurochemical
-molecules, neurons, brain structure

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5
Q

Challenges of psychology (5)

A

-behavior is multiply determined
-Multicollinearity
-people differ from each other
-people influence each other
-influence of culture

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6
Q

what does behavior is multiply determined mean?

A

-Everyone feels certain ways for different reasons
-something that makes you feel a certain way at the moment may not make you feel the same way the next day
- EX: something that makes you angry might not make someone else angry

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7
Q

What is Multicollinearity?

A

-psychological influences are interrelated
-your behavior changes depending on their reaction, and then their reaction changes depending on your behavior.

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8
Q

People differ from each other

A

-we all see things differently, and all have different experiences
(Ex: rollercoasters)
-subjective nature of experience
-never studying a single behavior

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9
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

persons behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
-Ex: how you present yourself in class vs how you present your in your home

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10
Q

Psychology Debates

A

-Nature vs Nurture
-Free will vs Determinism

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11
Q

common sense

A

-valuable
-Often incorrect

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12
Q

Naive Realism

A

WE SEE THE WORLD EXACTLY HOW IT IS, DONT WE?
-believing is seeing
-If you believe something you’re more likely to see it

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13
Q

Theory

A

-Explain a large number of findings
-ties finding together with a single explanation
- generates predictions, that are testable

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14
Q

Hypothesis

A

-specific testable prediction of a single event

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15
Q

key attitudes when testing something (3)

A

-communalism : peer review process
-Disinterestedness : objectivity in evaluating data
-Scientific humility: I can always be wrong and allow that

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16
Q

Untestable does NOT mean _____

A

“wrong”
-EX: metaphysical claims (point of existence)

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17
Q

Confirmation bias

A

-tendence to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and dismiss, deny or distort evidence that contradicts them
-“once you have a hammer everything starts looking like a nail”

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18
Q

Belief perseverance

A

stick to initial beliefs, even when evidence contradicts them

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19
Q

Pseudoscience

A

seems scientific, but is not
Ex: astrology

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20
Q

Warning signs of Pseudoscience (7)

A

-Exaggerated claims
-Over reliance on anecdotes
-absence of connectivity
-lack of peer review
-lack of self correction
-Psychobabble
-“proof” instead of evidence

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21
Q

Exaggerated claims

A

“you can have everything you ever wanted”

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22
Q

Over reliance on anecdotes

A

-“I know a person who”

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23
Q

Reality of over reliance on anecdotes

A

-individual cases (just because it happened for one person doesn’t mean it’ll happen for you)
-says nothing about cause and effect
-difficult to verify

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24
Q

what is psychobabble?

A

-Technical jargon gibberish (technical language that really isn’t saying anything)

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25
Q

Why is pseudoscience popular? (3)

A

-Motivational factors
-scientific illiteracy
-cognitive factors

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26
Q

pseudoscience - motivational factors

A
  • WE WANT to believe
    -gives hope, a sense of wonder
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27
Q

pseudoscience - Cognitive factors

A

-our brain works hard to make sense out of a complex world
-create order, sense and meaning

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28
Q

Pareidolia

A

-perception of meaningful images in meaningless stimuli
- inkblot test
-because we are social creatures we will see faces in a lot of thing

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29
Q

Apophenia

A

perception of meaningful connections between unrelated phenomena

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30
Q

Ration thinking

A

-Analysis of evidence
-slow, effortful

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31
Q

Experiential thinking

A

-intuition, emotional reactions
-Fast, effortless (easy)

32
Q

Logical fallacies (6)

A

-Emotional reasoning fallacy
-bandwagon fallacy
-Either - or fallacy
-Not me fallacy
-Appeal to authority fallacy
-Argument from antiquity fallacy

33
Q

Emotional Reasoning fallacy

A

-evaluating validity based on emotions
-if we like it (it must be true), if we don’t like it (there no way its true)

34
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A

assumption that because a lot of other people think its true, it must be true

35
Q

Either - Or Fallacy

A
  • Framing a question like it can be answered only in one of the two extremes
    -Yeah, but my friends cousins brother went to an astrologer and they were completely accurate…
36
Q

Not me fallacy

A

the belief that they are immune to the thinking errors that plague others

37
Q

Appeal to authority fallacy

A

accepting a claim merely because an authority endorses it
EX: sports players advertising things other than their sport

38
Q

Argument from Antiquity Fallacy

A

assuming a belief must be valid because it has been around a long time
EX: Paleo diet

39
Q

pseudoscience - opportunity cost

A

invest resources in a fake cure, and not taking one that might have worked

40
Q

pseudoscience - direct harm

A
  • Animal deaths and extinction
    -heavy metal poisoning
41
Q

scientific skepticism

A
  • Be willing to have an open mind to all claims, at all times
    -fully accept only what has substantial evidence
42
Q

Oberg’s dictum

A

be open minded but not to much that your brain falls out of your head

43
Q

Extraordinary claims require extraordinary _______

A

-“evidence”
- Is the evidence sufficient to support the claim?
-EX: (squirrel stealing vs bigfoot stealing)

44
Q

Falsifiability

A

the capacity for a proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proven wrong

45
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

the simplest explanation that accounts for all of the data is the best

46
Q

Replicability

A

-finding that can be consistently duplicated are better supported

47
Q

representativeness

A

prone to judge information as correct if we feel it represents what a correct answer looks like

48
Q

availability

A

If I easily remember a fact it must be the right fact

49
Q

Hindsight Bias

A
  • I knew it all along
    -once you know the answer you think you always knew the answer
50
Q

Naturalistic observation

A
  • Observing animals/people
    -watching them without their knowledge
51
Q

Case studies

A
  • in depth analysis of an individual, group, or event
    -typically a very small sample
52
Q

Advantages of case studies

A

-enable intensive study of rare phenomenon
-source of new ideas and hypothesis that are tested later

53
Q

Disadvantages of case studies (3)

A

-not being able to determine cause and effect correlation
-poor generalizability (what is true for one person isn’t for everyone)
-researcher bias (when you follow and learn about someone for months you will form an opinion about them, good or bad)

54
Q

Self report measures

A

-survey research
-collect information from a group using interviews or questionnaires

55
Q

Drawbacks to surveys

A

-unrepresentative samples can lead to faulty generalization
-Surveys rely on participants’ self reports
-positive impression management
-Malingering (Ex: pretending your sick so that you don’t have to go into work)

56
Q

Validity

A

does it measure what it claims to measure

57
Q

Disadvantages of ratings

A

-only people who are motivated to rate will rate (only hear from the extremes)
-Halo/horns effects (seen in a negative or positive light)
-leniency effects (rated higher then they should be)
-central tendency (never rating 1 or a 5 they are to extreme)

58
Q

Correlation

A

measures associations between naturally occurring events or variables

59
Q

Disadvantages in correlation

A

-correlation is NOT causation
-we don’t know the direction of the relationship (what causes what)
-third variable problem (something else causing the 2)

60
Q

Positive Correlation

A

higher scores on one variable associated with higher scores on the other

61
Q

Negative Correlation

A

high scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on the other

62
Q

Illusory correlation

A

-“if something happens close in time they must be related”
-Ex: effects of the moon & arthritis and weather
-more likely to remember an event than a non-event

63
Q

2 essential characteristics of experiments

A

-RANDOM assignment of participants
-Manipulation of one or more independent variables

64
Q

experimental group

A

Receives a treatment, as active level of the independent variables

65
Q

Control group

A

Not exposed to the treatment, a zero level of independent variable

66
Q

Independent variable

A

-Manipulated by the experimenter
-Multiple levels

67
Q

Dependent variable

A

-measured by the experiment and influenced by the independent variable
-multiple levels

68
Q

confounding variables

A

-Any difference between the control group and the experimental group other than the independent variable

69
Q

Pitfalls of Experiment

A

-Placebo effect
-Nocebo effect
-Experimenter expectancy effect
-Hawthorne effect

70
Q

Placebo effect

A

-Improvement resulting from expectations that “I should improve”

71
Q

How to stop placebo effect

A

Blind procedures are key
(give everyone a pill, some sugar some actual medicine)

72
Q

Nocebo effect

A

-Experiencing harm because you expect harm
-EX: Death from magic

73
Q

Experimenter Expectancy effect

A

Unintentionally affecting the results of your study

74
Q

How to avoid experimenter expectancy effect

A

Blind subjects and blind researcher
EX: you don’t know which pill your giving someone

75
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

the impact that knowing you are being studied has on your behavior

76
Q

6 principles of scientific thinking

A

-Ruling out rival hypotheses
-Correlation Vs. Causation
- Falsifiability
-Replicability
-extraordinary claims
-Occam’s Razor

77
Q

Ruling out rival hypotheses

A

Have important alternative explanations for the findings been excluded

Psyc 104 (3 decks)

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