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Psyc 104 > Chapter 3 + 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 + 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

-Dendrites
-Cell Body (Soma)
-Axon
-Synapse

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives information from other neurons and transmits towards the cell body

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3
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

Keeps neuron alive and determines whether it will fire

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4
Q

Axon

A

Extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits to other cells

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5
Q

Parts of the Synapse

A
  • Synaptic cleft
    -Axon Terminals
    -Synaptic vesicles
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6
Q

The 3 types of neurons

A

-Sensory
-Motor
-interneurons

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Perform connective or associative functions in the nervous system

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10
Q

Glial Cells

A

-Surrounds neurons and hold them in place
-Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need
-Absorb toxins and waste materials
-Facilitates communication
-enhances memory and learning

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11
Q

Glial cells - Astrocyte

A

Neural communication, improved thought and memory

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12
Q

Glial Cells - Oligodendrocyte

A

-Neurogenesis
-myelin sheath

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13
Q

Action potential

A

If a neuron reaches threshold, an AP is triggered
-usually around -55mV
-Triggered by stimulus or neurotransmitters
-ALL OR NONE: They do not partially fire

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14
Q

During AP what happens?

A

Positive ions flood into the axon, triggering a wave or positive charge down the axon
-Reaches a charge of +40mV

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15
Q

What happens during the absolute refractory period?

A

Neurons will not fire

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16
Q

what do excitatory do?

A

increase the charge

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17
Q

what do Inhibitory do?

A

decrease the charge

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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

-Insulation layer covers axons in the brain and spinal cord
-Allows for high-speed conduction

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance released by a transmitting neurons at the synapse and capable of affecting the activity of a receiving neuron

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20
Q

Breakdown - Deactivation of neurotransmitters

A

Other chemicals in the synapse break down neuro-transmitters into their chemical components

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21
Q

Reuptake - Deactivation of neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminal

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22
Q

Glutamate

A

-Main excitatory
-relay of sensory input and learning

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23
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-Muscle contraction (PNS)
-Cortical arousal, selective attention and memory (CNS)

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25
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
-Serotonin

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26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Cortical arousal

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

Motor function and reward

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

-Mood regulation
-Circadian rhythms
-aggression

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29
Q

Endorphins

A

-Neuropeptide
-Reduction of pain sensation
-Opiates

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30
Q

Anandamide

A

-Pain reduction
-Appetite arousal
-Motivation memory sleep

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31
Q

Melatonin

A

-Hormone
-Regulates daily biological rhythms

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32
Q

Adrenal Hormones

A

-Involved in emotions and stress
- Cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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33
Q

Sex Hormones

A

regulates development and functioning of reproductive organs
-Androgens, estrogens and progesterone

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34
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones into the bloodstream

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35
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

connects the CNS with the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors

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37
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-Peripheral nervous system
-Consists of sensory and motor neurons the bind together to create nerves to transmit messages to sensory receptors

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38
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

-Peripheral nervous system
-Controls glands and smooth muscles in bodily organs
-Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Arouses the body

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40
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Slows down body processes

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41
Q

The Cerebral cortex

A

-In charge of most sensory, motor and cognitive processes
-Upper (outer) part of the brain divided into two cerebral hemispheres

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42
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres in the brain
-millions of myelinated axons connecting the brains hemispheres
-provides a pathway for communication between hemispheres
-if surgically severed to treat epilepsy, hemispheres cannot communicate directly

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43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-Executive functions, motor, language production, memory

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44
Q

motor cortex

A

Controls voluntary muscular movements
- In the frontal lobe

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45
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Involved in speech production
-in the frontal lobe

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46
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Physical perception - Touch, pain, temperature, taste
-Spatial perception
-Body perception
-Sensory-motor integration
-shifting attention
-number concepts

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47
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Receives sensory input for heat, touch, cold, balance and body ,movement
- In the parietal lobe

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48
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Sight-Processing visual information

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49
Q

Temporal lobe

A

-Hearing - understanding language
-Autobiographical memory and integration of sensory information

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50
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

involved in speech comprehension
- In the temporal lobe

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51
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • 2 sets of structures
  • Aid in movement control
  • Create a motor action plan and communicate this to the motor cortex
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52
Q

Thalamus

A

Routes sensory information to higher brain structures

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53
Q

Limbic system

A

-Thalamus
-Includes all sensory messages except those from olfactory bulb
-Hypothalamus

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54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Major role in motivation and emotions
-connects with the endocrine system
-involved in pain/pleasure

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55
Q

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

-Involved in emotions and drives vital to survival
- Fear, hunger thirst and reproduction
-Regulates autonomic nervous system

56
Q

Pituitary gland

A

small endocrine gland which releases hormones and regulates other endocrine glands

57
Q

Amygdala

A

Organizes emotional responses

58
Q

what is Amygdala responsible for

A

-Arousal
-regulation of emotion
-the initial emotional response to sensory information

59
Q

Amygdala plays an important role in

A

-Fear and fear recognition
-mediating anxiety and depression
-emotional memory

60
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

-The limbic system
-Active during emotional expression
-contributes to social behavior
-Damage results in lack of empathy

61
Q

Hippocampus

A

-The limbic system
-involved in forming memories
-spatial memories and navigation
-Plays a role in trauma (the integration of emotional significant and fearful memories)

62
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

-Storage of new information in memory
-comparing sensory information with what the brain expects about the world
-enabling us to form spatial memories for navigating the environment

63
Q

Cerebellum

A

Concerned with muscular movement, learning and memory
-regulates movement and balance
-involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes

64
Q

Cerebellum plays a part in

A

-analyzing sensory information
-solving problems
-understanding words

65
Q

The midbrain

A

Reticular activating system
- Involved in brain arousal, sleep, and attention

66
Q

Ascending - Reticular activating system

A

sends information to and alerts higher brain regions

67
Q

Descending - Reticular activating system

A

Higher brain centers can admit or block sensory input

68
Q

Medulla

A

-Plays role in vital body functions such as heart rate and breathing
-brain death

69
Q

Pons

A

Carries nerve impulses from cortex to cerebellum and other lower parts of nervous system

70
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A recording of neural activity detected by electrodes

71
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

-Active areas have increased blood flow
-sensors detect radioactivity
-different tasks show distinct activity patterns

72
Q

Chromosomes

A

rod-shaped structures within cells that carry genes

73
Q

Genes

A

Functional units of heredity which are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins

74
Q

Genotype

A

-Genetic makeup of an individual
- XX or XY

75
Q

Phenotype

A

-Observable characteristics produced by genes
-Female or male

76
Q

Dominant genes

A

if a person receives a dominant gene, he or she will display the characteristic the gene controls

77
Q

Recessive genes

A

if the gene is recessive the characteristic will not be displayed unless its partner gene inherited from the other parent is also recessive

78
Q

Adaption - Genetic

A

physical factors that results in increased ability to survive and breed
-shell, opposable thumb, long neck, physical attractiveness

79
Q

Behavioral - Adaption

A

behaviors that result in increased ability to survive and breed
- Aggression, sociability

80
Q

Heritability

A

-degree to which genes contribute to trait differences among individuals
- Expressed as a %

81
Q

Heritability misunderstood

A

Heritability does NOT apply to individuals
-Differences among individuals
- Heights has heritability of 70 or 80 %, Your height does not
Traits with high heritability DO change
-Plants

82
Q

Sensation

A

-The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects
-it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs

83
Q

Perception

A

The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information

84
Q

Attention - Perception

A

-focusing on certain stimuli
-filtering out other information

85
Q

Stimulus factors in attention

A

-Intensity
-Novelty
-repetition
-Contrast
-movement

86
Q

Personal factors in attention

A

-Motives
-interests

87
Q

Psychological and cultural influences on perception

A

-we are more likely to perceive something when we need it
-what we believe can affect what we perceive
- Emotions, such as fear can influence perception of sensory information
-Expectation based on our previous experiences influence how we perceive the world
-All are influenced by our culture

88
Q

Perceptual set

A

What you see originally you’ll continue to see
EX: face vs woman (center image)

89
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

-The reduction of disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious
-prevent us from having to continuously respond to unimportant information

90
Q

Sensory deprivation

A

The absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation

91
Q

Sensory overload

A

-Overstimulation of the sense
-can use selective attention to reduce sensory overload

92
Q

Sclera

A

whites of the eye

93
Q

Cornea

A

-protects eye and bends light towards lens

94
Q

Lens

A

focuses on objects by changing shape

95
Q

Iris

A

Controls amount of light that gets into the eye

96
Q

Pupil

A

Widens or dilates to let in more light

97
Q

Retina

A

-neural tissue at back of eye
-site or transduction
-rods and cones

98
Q

Fovea

A

-Center of focus
-most cones

99
Q

Blind spots

A

-Optic nerve leaves
-no rods or cones

100
Q

Rods

A

Visual receptors that respond to dim light
-Black and white receptors
-more located on edge of retina
-sensitive to dim light
-less detail

101
Q

Cones

A

Visual receptors involved in color vision
-color receptors
-located in Fovea
-More detailed

102
Q

Transduction - vision

A

Absorption of light by photopigments produces a chemical reaction changing the rate of neurotransmitter release at the receptors synapse
-The greater the change in release, the stronger the signal passed into the optic nerve

103
Q

Dark adaption

A

Photopigment molecules are regenerated increasing receptor sensitivity
-cones reach maximum sensitivity in 5 mins, rods take 30 mins

104
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

-how we see color theory
-The eye detects 3 primary colors
-All other colors can be derived by combining these three

105
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

-how we see color theory
-The visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic
-cells are inhibited by a color, and have a burst of activity when it is removed

106
Q

Constructing the visual world

A

-Form perception
-depth and distance perception
-visual constancies
-visual illusions

107
Q

visual constancies

A

-when seeing is believing
-The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce
-shape constancy
-location constancy
-size constancy
-brightness constancy
-color constancy

108
Q

Visual illusions

A

when seeing is misleading

109
Q

Gestalt principle

A

-form perception
-describes the brains organization of sensory building blocks into meaningful units and patterns

-Proximity
-similarity
-closure (subjective contours)
-common movement
-figure ground relations
-continuity

110
Q

Binocular cues

A

-Visual cues to depth or distance that require the use of both eyes
-convergence
-Retinal disparity

111
Q

Convergence

A

-Binocular cue
Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object

112
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

-Binocular cues
the slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and right eye

113
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Visual cues to depth or distance that can be used by one eye alone

114
Q

Color context

A

-the way you perceive a color depends on the color that surrounds it

115
Q

Pitch

A

The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave
-the slower the wave the lower the pitch
-20Hz to 20 000 Hz is audible

116
Q

Loudness

A

-the dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave
-50 dB comfortable - normal conversation
-90 dB starts to do permanent effect on hearing

117
Q

Timbre (TAM-bur)

A

the distinguishing quality of sound; the dimension auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave

118
Q

Outer Ear

A

-funnels sound
-Pinna
-Ear canal
-tympanic membrane

119
Q

Middle ear

A

transmit sound
-ossicles
-hammer - anvil - stirrup

120
Q

Inner ear

A

Converts vibration to neural signal
-cochlea
-basilar membrane
-organ of corti
-hair cells

121
Q

Pitch perception

A

different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex
-high tones - place theory
-low tones -frequency theory, volley theory

122
Q

Auditory localization

A

-sounds from different directions are not identical as they arrive at left and right ears
-loudness
-timing
-phase
-the brain calculates a sounds location by using these differences

123
Q

Papillae

A

Knoblike elevations on the tongue, containing the taste buds
(singular: papilla)

124
Q

Taste buds

A

nest of taste-receptors cells

125
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes

A

salty
sour
bitter
sweet
umami (meaty)

126
Q

reasons for different taste in different people

A

-genetics
-culture
-learning
-food attractiveness

127
Q

smell

A

airborne chemical molecules enter the nose and circulate through the nasal cavity
- vapors can also enter through the mouth and pass into nasal cavity
-receptors on the roof of the nasal cavity detect the molecules

128
Q

Pheromones

A

odorless chemicals that serve a social signal to members of one species

129
Q

taste and smell - emotions

A

facial expressions when eating etc

130
Q

Touch

A

specialized nerve endings
-identify specific sensation
-mechanoreceptors
-light touch
-deep pressure
-Identify several sensation
-pain
-touch
-temperature

131
Q

kinesthesis

A

the sense of body position and movement of body parts

132
Q

Equilibrium

A

The sense of balance

133
Q

Proprioceptors

A

-muscle sketch receptors
-tendon force detectors
-info travels to somatosensory and motor cortices

134
Q

Semicircular canal (inner ear)

A

-3 fluid-filled canals responsible for our sense of balance
-Otoliths
-info travels to brain stem and cerebellum

135
Q

Otoliths

A

tiny crystals sense linear movement and gravity

Psyc 104 (3 decks)

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