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Psyc 104 > Chapter 5 + 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 + 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of oneself and the environment

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2
Q

Biological rhythms

A

A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological systems
-may or may not have psychological implications
EX: hunger, menstrual, sleep cycle

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3
Q

Entrainment

A

Biological rhythms are synchronized with external events such as changes in clock time temperature, and daylight

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4
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Occur about every 24 hours
Ex: the sleep-wake cycle
-occur in plants animals and people
-The brains biological clock

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5
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

occur less than once a day
Ex: birds migrating, bears hibernating

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6
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

occur more frequently than once a day, about every 90 mins
Ex: stomach contraction, hormone levels

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7
Q

How would you study Circadian rhythms

A

isolate volunteers from time cues

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8
Q

Internal desynchronization

A

a state when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

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9
Q

Why does internal desynchronization happen

A

Circadian rhythms are influence by changes in routine
-Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, and mealtimes

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10
Q

How to help Jet lag

A

-Oral melatonin to rest circadian rhythm
-sunlight exposure

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11
Q

Reasons for Sleep

A

Exact functions uncertain, but it gives time for:
-the body to eliminate waste products from muscles
-repair cells
-strengthen the immune system
-recover abilities lost during the day

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12
Q

Beta Wave

A

Awake/Alert

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13
Q

REM Sleep

A

-Dreams are longer, more detailed, and more coherent than non-REM dreams
-Physiological arousal increases
-sleep paralysis
-May be involved in memory consolidation
-activated by surges of acetylcholine

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14
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

leads to decreases in physical and mental functioning
-Mood
-Cognitive performance
-Physical performance

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15
Q

Short term sleep deprivation

A

up to 45 hours without sleep

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16
Q

Long term sleep deprivation

A

more than 45 hours with sleep

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17
Q

Partial deprivation

A

no more than 5 hours of sleep a night for 1 or more nights

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18
Q

Insomnia

A

-Chronic difficulty in falling asleep
sleep disorder
-waking up to early in the morning
-waking up during the night and having trouble falling back to sleep

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19
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks
-REM sleep intrudes into waking state
-Cataplexy
sleep disorder

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20
Q

Cataplexy

A

Wakeful “REM sleep paralysis”
a complete loss of muscle tone
remain alert the whole time, even though you cant move

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21
Q

Sleep apnea

A

-Breathing stops and restarts during sleep
-caused by a blockage of the airways during sleep
-causes sleep deprivation because you continously wakeup in the night

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22
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Nerve messages causing REM sleep paralysis are ineffective
-NOT dangerous to wake them up (it takes time)
-people who are deprived of sleep are more likely to exhibit sleepwalking the following night
-almost always occurs in NREM

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23
Q

Nightmares

A

Bad dreams

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24
Q

Night terrors

A

Wake up screaming, full flight or fight response (high SNS arousal)
-Most common in stages 3 & 4
-no recollection of what occurred

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25
Q

Best treatment for night terrors

A

Wake child up before it typically occurs

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26
Q

Dreams are Unconscious wishes

A

-Dreams provide insight into our unconscious
-Freud
-To understand a dream we must distinguish between:
-manifest content
-Latent content
-Not everything is symbolic

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27
Q

Manifest Content

A

includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience

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28
Q

Latent content

A

-Includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream
-distinction between what dreams seems to be about and what they were really about

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29
Q

Activation Synthesis theory

A

Dreams are a reflection of brain activation during sleep
1. Spontaneous firing of neurons in pons
2. Cerebral cortex synthesizes signals then tries to interpret them (I’m running through the woods)

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30
Q

Dreams are an effort to deal with problems

A

-reflet concerns over relationships, work, sex or health
-dreams are more likely to contain material to a persons concerns

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31
Q

Dreams as By-product of mental housekeeping

A

-Unnecessary neural connections in the brain are eliminated and important ones are strengthened
-Brains divide information into “wanted” and “unwanted”
-what we recall as a dream is only brief snippets from scanning and sorting that occurs during REM sleep

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32
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

-Hallucinations
-Out of body experiences (OBE’s)
-Near death Experiences (NDE’s)
-Deja Vu
-Meditation

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33
Q

Exploring the dream world

A

-Dreams are unconscious wishes
-Dreams as efforts to deal with problems
-dreams as by-product of mental housekeeping
-dreams as thinking
-dreams as interpreted brain activity

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34
Q

Hallucinations

A

-Perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
-Neural activity with no external source
-10 to 39% of people have experienced
-Imagination interpreted as real?

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35
Q

Out of Body Experiences (OBE’s)

A

-sense of your consciousness leaving your body
-floating above, observing
-25% post secondary students
-10% of people
-Stress and fantasy?

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36
Q

Astral projection

A

intentionally producing an out of body experience

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37
Q

Near death experiences

A

-Dark tunnel, bright light, experiences of heaven or hell, life review
-culturally influenced
- 6 to 33% of people who have been close to death
-May be created by oxygen deprivation, some drugs, electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe.

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38
Q

Deja Vu

A

-Experience of having “been there before”
-small seizures, dual processing theory (out of sync)
-Similar to past experiences, inattentiveness
-66% of people

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39
Q

Deja vu is more likely in people who:

A

-Remember their dreams
-post secondary education
-liberal political and religious views
-high income

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40
Q

Meditation

A

-Stress reduction, insight, spiritual growth
-breathe ,relax, observe, concentrate, negate
-ALPHA waves and blood flow to the brain

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41
Q

Meditation increases:

A

Creativity, empathy, alertness, self esteem

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42
Q

Meditation decreases

A

anxiety, depression, interpersonal problems

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43
Q

Hypnosis

A

A set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perception, thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

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44
Q

Myths of hypnosis

A

-Produces a trance states
-hypnotic phenomena are unique
-Is a sleep-like state
-people are unaware of their surroundings
-people forget what happened during
-improves memory

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45
Q

Hypnosis produces a trance state in which amazing things happen

A

The suggestibility of the subject is best predictor

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46
Q

Hypnotic phenomena are unique

A

Experiences many (pain tolerance, hallucinations) during normal consciousness

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47
Q

Hypnosis is a sleep-like state

A

-Brain wave pattern is not “sleep-like”

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48
Q

Hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings

A

fully aware and show memory of surroundings

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49
Q

Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis

A

-Spontaneous amnesia is rare

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50
Q

Hypnosis improves memory

A

-increases amount of information recalled, but NOT the accuracy of the details
-Increases subject confidence in memory

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51
Q

Theories of hypnosis

A

-Sociocognitive theories
-Dissociation theories

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52
Q

Sociocognitive theories

A

-Effects of hypnosis results from interactions between social influence of the hypnotist (socio) and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of the subject (cognitive)
-Explains “alien abductions” and “past-life regression”

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53
Q

Dissociation theories

A

-Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness or
-During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive control system in the brain (Probably frontal lobes) and other brain systems involved in thinking and acting

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54
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Decreasing responsiveness to drugs
1. drugs change bodily functioning (e.g. increased heart rate)
2.Brain creates compensatory responses (neurons) (e.g. reactions that decrease heart rate)
3. Learning (classical conditioning), drug tolerance and overdose

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55
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

-Contains chemicals similar to neurotransmitters
-Capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior

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56
Q

Types of drugs (4)

A

-Stimulants
-Depressants
-Opiates
-Psychedelic drugs

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57
Q

Drug - Stimulants

A

-Speed up activity in the CNS
-Cause elation, excitement, increased alertness, increased energy and lower fatigue
-Increase in blood pressure and heart rate, irritability, anxiety, paranoia, and aggressiveness. Decrease appetite
-Treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy
-Tobacco, cocaine, and amphetamines

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58
Q

Drugs - Depressants

A

-slow down activity in the CNS
-Euphoria and relaxation anxiety reduction
-effects include lethargy, nausea, drowsiness, emotional swings
-Alcohol, Barbiturates, non-barbiturates, benzodiazepines

59
Q

Drugs - Opiates

A

-Relieve Pain
-Euphoria and relaxation, diminishes with use
-Effects of lethargy, nausea, drowsiness, constipation
-Abdominal cramps, vomiting, running nose, sweats chills
-Morphine, Heroin

60
Q

Psychedelic drugs

A

-disrupts normal thought process
-No medical Use (other than marijuana)
-Distort or intensify sensory experience
-causes euphoria, altered perception and hallucinations
-dilated pupils, paranoia, jumbled thoughts, anxiety, panic and nausea
-Marijuana, LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin

61
Q

Alcohol

A

-depressant
-most used and abused drug
-Depresses inhibition of emotion and behavior
-expectation and social setting impact social BEHAVIOUR
-Impacts physical responses like reaction time

62
Q

Tobacco/Nicotine

A

-Stimulant
-Activates Acetylcholine receptors
-Adjustment value
-Enhances positive emotions while decreasing negative emotions

63
Q

Cocaine

A

-Stimulant
-Euphoria, enhanced mental and physical capacities, decreased hunger, fatigue and pain
-high addictive
-Increases activity of dopamine (and serotonin)

64
Q

How cocaine effects the brain

A

Blocks the brains reabsorption (reuptake) of the dopamine
-results in overstimulation of certain brain circuits and a bried euphoric high
-When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash”

65
Q

Occasional small dose of Amphetamines

A

-Stimulant
-Mood elevation, postpone fatigue

66
Q

Regular abuse of Amphetamines

A

-Stimulant
-Psychological dependence; depression

67
Q

Injections of Amphetamines

A

-Stimulant
-Restless, talkative, excited, unable to sleep, suspicious, hostile, paranoid delusions
-Exhaustion, severe depression

68
Q

Marijuana

A

-Psychedelic
-Causes euphoria, altered perception (time slowing down, touch sensitivity), sens pf well being, giggling laughter
-Exaggerates emotions, depersonalization, anxiety, panic and psychotic episodes
-Cannabinoid receptors
-Pleasure perception, memory, coordination (limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebellum)

69
Q

Marijuana use is correlated to:

A

-Lower achievement
-Legal troubles
-Respiratory disease
-Increased rick of schizophrenia

70
Q

LSD

A

-Psychedelic
-synthesized from fungi
-interferes with serotonin
-Intense visual hallucinations, synesthesia, mystical experiences
-Pain, paranoid delusions, confusion, depression
-Flashbacks

71
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus
-Helps organisms to prevent being overwhelmed and exhausted by not responding to non-important stimuli
-screaming mid class

72
Q

Classical conditioning

A

-Pavlovian condition
-Respondent conditioning
-unconscious leaning

73
Q

UCS: Unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response
-EX: dogs food
-what Naturally happens

74
Q

UCR: unconditioned response

A

Response that is naturally elicited by the UCS
-EX: Dog salivating
-what naturally happens

75
Q

NS: Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits no particular response
-EX: A bell

76
Q

CS: Conditioned Stimulus

A

-Originally neutral stimulus that has been conditioned by pairing it with the UCS
-Ex: Ringing bell every time you give the dog food

77
Q

CR: conditioned response

A

Learned response that is now elicited by the CS because of pairing
-EX: Salivation when the dog hears the bell

78
Q

Acquisition

A

stage where the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are paired repeatedly

79
Q

Delay pairing

A

CS appears first and is still on when the UCS appears
-Learning occurs most quickly

80
Q

Trace pairing

A

CS appears, goes off, and UCS appears

81
Q

Extinction occurs when:

A

The Conditioned stimulus is repeatedly present without the unconditioned stimulus
-Occurs when a response is no longer reinforced
-loss of motivation

82
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Animal responds to stimuli that are similar to the original Conditioned stimulus

83
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Animal can detect differences between similar stimuli

84
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Well known neutral stimulus is resistant to conditioning

85
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

-Avoidance response is conditioned through paring with an aversive stimulus
-stop smoking
-Antabuse

86
Q

Classical conditioning: application

A

-Phobia creation
-Drug tolerance
-Fetishes
-Phobia treatment
-advertising

87
Q

Phobia creation

A

Conditioned stimulus (E.g. Snakes) is paired with a Uncontrolled stimulus (E.g. Bite) in one-trial learning, creating a fear of snake

88
Q

Phobia treatment

A

Systematic Desensitization
-relaxation training
-hierarchy of fears
Flooding
-Throwing them in a room of snakes

89
Q

Thorndike’s Law of effect

A

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus , is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus and response will be strengthened

90
Q

Operant condition

A

-Positive: + adding something
-Negative: - Taking away something
-Reinforcement: Behavior increases
-Punishment: behavior decreases

91
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Response is strengthened by adding a pleasant stimulus
giving candy each time you ask a question

92
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

A response is strengthened by removal or avoidance of a stimulus
-taking away annoying sound each time we ask a question would lead to us asking questions more

93
Q

positive punishment-Aversive punishment

A

a response is weakened by the presence of an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. scolding a child)
-hitting someone

94
Q

negative punishment-Response cost

A

A response is weakened by the removal of a pleasant stimulus (e.g. TV privileges removed)

95
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

something that is desirable, stimuli that satisfy biological needs
(e.g. food, water, sex)

96
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that have an association with the primary reinforcer so they become desirable
(good boy and a treat to just good boy)

97
Q

Shaping

A

-reward the successive approximations towards the goal
-rewarding something that is broadly what we want and then slowly reward more approximate things

98
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Signals the availability of reinforcement

99
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

-giving reinforcement only some of the time
-Increases resistance to extinction

100
Q

Schedules of reinforcement - Ratio

A

Based on on behavior
-number of responses
-fixed ration
-Variable ratio

101
Q

Fixed ration

A

after certain number of responses

102
Q

Variable ratio

A

changing the number of times they have to do

103
Q

Schedules of reinforcement - Interval

A

-Based on time
-First response after some amount of time
-Fixed interval
-Variable interval

104
Q

Fixed interval

A

after specified period of time ex 2 minutes

105
Q

Variable interval

A

after different amounts of time

106
Q

Fixed schedules vs variable schedules

A

variable is the most resistant to extinction because they don’t have specific pattern so they wont notice that they haven’t gotten the reward in a while

107
Q

Successive approximation

A

In the operant-conditioning procedures of shaping behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response

108
Q

Chaining

A

linking behavior to form longer, more complex activities
-start at the end fluffing the pillow after clean the whole room they they get a reward, then they have to do a little more each time
-EX: dog shows

109
Q

Premack principal (grandma’s rule)

A

reinforcement less frequent behaviors with more frequent behaviors
-reward less desirable with more desired
-go play with your friends after your room is clean
-play COS After you study

110
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

behavior linked to reinforcement by sheer coincidence
-accidentally reinforced behaviors

111
Q

Token economies

A

Using secondary reinforcement
-Gold stars
-poker chips
-given a token and then you can use the token to get a reward

112
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Escape behaviors are acquired and maintained through negative reinforcement
-feels the shock then leaves the electric floor

113
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

The organism learns a response to avoid and aversive stimulus
-warning light
-learns that the light means the electricity is about to come on

114
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

the organism learns no response can avoid the aversive stimulus
-only option is to be shocked
-one explanation for depression

115
Q

Phobias

A

-Develop through classical conditioning
-Strengthened and maintained through operant conditioning

116
Q

Parent infant attachment

A

-Classical
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement

117
Q

Insight

A

-Apes were able to figure out how to use tools to reach bananas without previous learning
-Apes elephant, crows and ravens

118
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

-Tolman argued that rats developed a mental representation of a maze. learning provide knowledge and expectancy
-Latent learning

119
Q

Observational learning

A

-Learning occurs by observing behavior of a model
-seeing someone get their mouth washed out from soap

120
Q

Modeling helps learn

A

-which event are important
-which stimuli signal events
-which response produces positive or negative consequences

121
Q

Modeling Key processes (4)

A

-Attention
-Retention
-Reproduction
-Motivation

122
Q

Attentions - modelling

A

-you have to have seen what happens to learn from it
you must pay attention to behavior and consequences

123
Q

Retention - modelling

A

-you have to remember what you have to do to get the reward
you must have memory for what you witnessed

124
Q

Reproduction - Modeling

A

you must be able to reproduce the response from your memory

125
Q

Motivation - Modeling

A

you need to be motivated to reproduce the behavior due to some form of payoff

126
Q

Belongingness

A

-certain behaviors are more easily conditioning to certain stimuli
-sex and visual
-eating and taste

127
Q

Preparedness

A

-fearfulness to specific stimuli
-Evolutionary predisposition to connect fearfulness to specific stimuli (threats)
-Survival value
-“natural threats”
-snake vs bunny

128
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Tendency for animal to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
- a conditioned response “drift back” toward instinctive behavior
-Biology places constraints on learning

129
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

experience of being unable to move just before falling asleep or immediately upon awakening
-Caused by a disruption in the sleep cycle

130
Q

Incubus phenomenon

A

when a sleeping person feels awake yet hallucinates a human, animal, or other being that sit or lies on the thorax, aggression to the point of fear of life

131
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

last about 5-10 minutes
produces theta waves

132
Q

Hypnagogic imagery

A

scrambled, bizarre, and dream-like images that flit in and out of consciousness

133
Q

Sleep spindles

A

sudden intense burst of electrical activity

134
Q

K-Complexes

A

sharply rising and falling waves

135
Q

Lucid dream

A

-Dreaming and knowing you are dreaming
-cerebral cortex associated with self-perception becomes active

136
Q

Rebound insomnia

A

longstanding use of sleeping pill creating dependency and when you stop taking it you have a hard time falling asleep

137
Q

Orexin

A

hormone which plays a key role in triggering sudden attack of sleepiness

138
Q

Neurocognitive theory

A

dreams are often ordinary, relate to waking concerns, show some capacities, and can be very realistic
-dreams as a simulation
-complex cognitive achievements that develop as our visual imagination and other advance cognitive abilities develop

139
Q

Dream continuity hypothesis

A

Dreams mirror our life circumstances

140
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

-reinforcing every time they do it
-prone to extinction

141
Q

Latent learning

A

learn something without effort, then giving them a reward
subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation

142
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

-eaten something then got sick and you don’t eat it again
-very specific learning

143
Q

Equipotentiality

A

-all stimuli have equal potential for learning
-conditioned taste aversion proves this wrong

Psyc 104 (4 decks)

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