Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

alternative splicing

A

The production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the

same gene by splicing its RNA transcripts in different ways.

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2
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

During protein synthesis, an enzyme that attaches the
correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a “charged”
aminoacyl-tRNA.

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3
Q

anticodon

A

Set of three consecutive nucleotides in a transfer RNA
molecule that recognizes, through base-pairing, the threenucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; this
interaction helps to deliver the correct amino acid to a
growing polypeptide chain.

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4
Q

codon

A

Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies
a particular amino acid or that starts or stops protein
synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a
coding sequence of DNA.

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5
Q

exon

A

Segment of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA

and dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein.

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6
Q

gene

A

Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the
characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular
terms, a segment of DNA that directs the production of a
particular protein or functional RNA molecule.

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7
Q

gene expression

A

The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful
to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein
or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.

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8
Q

general transcription factors

A

Proteins that assemble on the promoters of eukaryotic
genes near the start site of transcription and load the RNA
polymerase in the correct position.

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9
Q

genetic code

A

Set of rules by which the information contained in the
nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA
G:8 Glossary
molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence of a
protein.

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10
Q

initiator tRNA

A

Special tRNA that initiates the translation of an mRNA in a

ribosome. It always carries the amino acid methionine.

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11
Q

intron

A

Noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is
transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by
RNA splicing to produce an mRNA.

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12
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a

protein.

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13
Q

polyadenylation

A

The addition of multiple adenine nucleotide

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14
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription; includes
sequences recognized by RNA polymerase and its accessory
proteins.

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15
Q

protease

A

Enzyme that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing their peptide

bonds.

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16
Q

proteasome

A

Large protein machine that degrades
proteins that are damaged, misfolded, or no
longer needed by the cell; its target proteins
are marked for destruction primarily by the
attachment of a short chain of ubiquitin.

17
Q

reading frame

A

One of the three possible ways in which a set of successive
nucleotide triplets can be translated into protein, depending
on which nucleotide serves as the starting point

18
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic core

of the ribosome.

19
Q

ribosome

A

Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and
proteins, that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide
chain

20
Q

ribozyme

A

An RNA molecule with catalytic activity.

21
Q

RNA capping

A

The modification of the 5′ end of a maturing RNA transcript

by the addition of an atypical nucleotide

22
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template using ribonucleoside triphosphate
precursors.

23
Q

RNA processing

A

Broad term for the modifications that a precursor mRNA
undergoes as it matures into an mRNA. It typically includes
5′ capping, RNA splicing, and 3′ polyadenylation

24
Q

RNA splicing

A

Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA
molecules in the nucleus during the formation of a mature
messenger RNA.

25
Q

RNA transcript

A

RNA molecule produced by transcription that is

complementary to one strand of DNA

26
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

RNA molecule of around 200 nucleotides that participates

in RNA splicing.

27
Q

spliceosome

A

Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that splices

introns out of pre-mRNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

28
Q

transcription

A

Process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of
DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA
sequence.

29
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor that “reads”
a codon in mRNA and adds the correct amino acid to the
growing polypeptide chain.

30
Q

translation

A

Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger
RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into
protein.

31
Q

translation initiation factor

A

Protein that promotes the proper association of ribosomes
with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein
synthesis.