Chapter 18 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

anaphase

A

Stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite ends of the dividing cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anaphase-promoting complex

A

A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids and orchestrates the carefully timed destruction of proteins that control progress through the cell cycle; the complex catalyzes the ubiquitylation of its targets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

aster

A

Star-shaped array of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a pole of a mitotic spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bcl2 family

A

Related group of intracellular proteins that regulates

apoptosis; some family members promote cell death, others inhibit it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bi-orientation

A

The symmetrical attachment of a sister-chromatid pair on the mitotic spindle, such that one chromatid in the duplicated chromosome is attached to one spindle pole and the other is attached to the opposite pole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

caspase

A

One of a family of proteases that, when activated, mediates the destruction of the cell by apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cdk (cyclin-dependant protein kinase)

A

Enzyme that, when complexed with a regulatory cyclin protein, can trigger various events in the cell-division cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cdk inhibitor protein

A

Regulatory protein that blocks the assembly or activity of cyclin–Cdk complexes, delaying progression primarily through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell cycle

A

The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell-cycle control system

A

Network of regulatory proteins that govern the orderly progression of a eukaryotic cell through the stages of cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

centrosome

A

Microtubule-organizing center that sits near the nucleus in an animal cell; during the cell cycle, this structure duplicates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

centrosome cycle

A

Process by which the centrosome duplicates (during interphase) and the two new centrosomes separate (at the beginning of mitosis) to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chromosome condensation

A

Process by which a duplicated chromosome becomes packed into a more compact structure prior to cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cohesin

A

Protein complex that holds sister chromatids together after DNA has been replicated in the cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

condensin

A

Protein complex that helps
configure duplicated chromosomes for segregation by making them
more compact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cyclin

A

Regulatory protein whose concentration rises and falls at specific times during the eukaryotic cell cycle; cyclins help control progression from one stage of the cell cycle to the next by binding to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cytokinesis

A

Process by which the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell divides in two to form individual daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

G1-Cdk

A

Protein complex whose activity drives the cell through the first gap phase of the cell cycle; consists of a G1 cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

G1-cyclin

A

Regulatory protein that helps drive a cell through the first
gap phase of the cell cycle and toward S phase.

20
Q

G1 phase

A

Gap 1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle; falls between the end of cytokinesis and the start of DNA synthesis.

21
Q

G2 phase

A

Gap 2 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle; falls between the end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis.

22
Q

G1/S-Cdk

A

Protein complex whose activity triggers entry into S phase of the cell cycle; consists of a G1/S cyclin plus a cyclindependent protein kinase (Cdk).

23
Q

G1/S cyclin

A

Regulatory protein that helps to launch the S phase of the

cell cycle

24
Q

growth factor

A

Extracellular signal molecule that stimulates a cell to
increase in size and mass. Examples include epidermal
growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).

25
Q

interphase

A

Long period of the cell cycle between one mitosis and the

next. Includes G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

26
Q

kinetochore

A

Protein complex that assembles on the centromere of a condensed mitotic chromosome; the site to which spindle
microtubules attach.

27
Q

M-Cdk

A
Protein complex that triggers the M phase of the cell cycle; consists of an M cyclin plus a mitotic cyclin-dependent 
protein kinase (Cdk).
28
Q

M cyclin

A

Regulatory protein that binds to mitotic Cdk to form M-Cdk,

the protein complex that triggers the M phase of the cell cycle.

29
Q

M phase

A

Period of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide

30
Q

metaphase

A

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are properly

attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated toward opposite poles.

31
Q

mitogen

A

An extracellular signal molecule that stimulates cell

proliferation.

32
Q

mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

33
Q

mitotic spindle

A

Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between the opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis and pulls duplicated chromosome sets apart.

34
Q

phragmoplast

A

In a dividing plant cell, structure made of microtubules and
membrane vesicles that guides the formation of a new cell wall

35
Q

programmed cell death

A

A tightly controlled form of cell suicide that allows cells that are unneeded or unwanted to be eliminated from an adult or developing organism; the major form is called apoptosis.

36
Q

prometaphase

A

Stage of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and duplicated chromosomes are captured by the spindle microtubules; precedes metaphase.

37
Q

prophase

A

First stage of mitosis, during which the duplicated

chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms.

38
Q

S-Cdk

A

Protein complex whose activity initiates DNA replication; consists of an S cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein
kinase (Cdk)

39
Q

S cyclin

A

Regulatory protein that helps to launch the S phase of the

cell cycle

40
Q

S phase

A

Period during a eukaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is

synthesized.

41
Q

sister chromatid

A

Copy of a chromosome, produced by DNA replication, that remains bound to the other copy.

42
Q

spindle pole

A

Centrosome from which microtubules radiate to form the mitotic spindle

43
Q

telophase

A

Final stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by a nuclear envelope.

44
Q

apoptosis

A

A tightly controlled form of programmed cell death that
allows excess cells to be eliminated from an adult or
developing organism.

45
Q

contractile ring

A

Structure made of actin and myosin filaments that forms a

belt around a dividing cell, pinching it in two.

46
Q

p53

A

Transcription regulator that controls the cell’s response to
DNA damage, preventing the cell from entering S phase
until the damage has been repaired or inducing the cell to
commit suicide if the damage is too extensive; mutations in
the gene encoding this protein are found in many human
cancers.

47
Q

survival factor

A

Extracellular signal molecule that must be present to

suppress apoptosis.