Chapter 18 Flashcards
anaphase
Stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite ends of the dividing cell.
anaphase-promoting complex
A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids and orchestrates the carefully timed destruction of proteins that control progress through the cell cycle; the complex catalyzes the ubiquitylation of its targets.
aster
Star-shaped array of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a pole of a mitotic spindle.
Bcl2 family
Related group of intracellular proteins that regulates
apoptosis; some family members promote cell death, others inhibit it.
bi-orientation
The symmetrical attachment of a sister-chromatid pair on the mitotic spindle, such that one chromatid in the duplicated chromosome is attached to one spindle pole and the other is attached to the opposite pole.
caspase
One of a family of proteases that, when activated, mediates the destruction of the cell by apoptosis.
Cdk (cyclin-dependant protein kinase)
Enzyme that, when complexed with a regulatory cyclin protein, can trigger various events in the cell-division cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins.
Cdk inhibitor protein
Regulatory protein that blocks the assembly or activity of cyclin–Cdk complexes, delaying progression primarily through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle.
cell cycle
The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
cell-cycle control system
Network of regulatory proteins that govern the orderly progression of a eukaryotic cell through the stages of cell division
centrosome
Microtubule-organizing center that sits near the nucleus in an animal cell; during the cell cycle, this structure duplicates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.
centrosome cycle
Process by which the centrosome duplicates (during interphase) and the two new centrosomes separate (at the beginning of mitosis) to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.
chromosome condensation
Process by which a duplicated chromosome becomes packed into a more compact structure prior to cell division.
cohesin
Protein complex that holds sister chromatids together after DNA has been replicated in the cell cycle.
condensin
Protein complex that helps
configure duplicated chromosomes for segregation by making them
more compact.
cyclin
Regulatory protein whose concentration rises and falls at specific times during the eukaryotic cell cycle; cyclins help control progression from one stage of the cell cycle to the next by binding to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks).
cytokinesis
Process by which the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell divides in two to form individual daughter cells.
G1-Cdk
Protein complex whose activity drives the cell through the first gap phase of the cell cycle; consists of a G1 cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).