Chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

allele

A

An alternative form of a gene; for a given gene, many alleles
may exist in the gene pool of the species.

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a
single parent, producing an individual genetically identical
to that parent; includes budding, binary fission, and
parthenogenesis

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3
Q

bivalent

A

Structure formed when a duplicated chromosome pairs
with its homolog at the beginning of meiosis; contains four
sister chromatids.

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4
Q

chiasma

A

X-shaped connection between paired homologous

chromosomes during meiosis; represents a site of crossingover between two non-sister chromatids.

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5
Q

crossing-over

A

Process whereby two homologous chromosomes break at
corresponding sites and rejoin to produce two recombined
chromosomes that have physically exchanged segments of
DNA.

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6
Q

diploid

A

Describes a cell or organism containing two sets of
homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each
parent. (See also haploid.

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7
Q

gamete

A

Cell type in a diploid organism that carries only one set of
chromosomes and is specialized for sexual reproduction. A
sperm or an egg; also called a germ cell.

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8
Q

genotype

A

enotype
The genetic makeup of a cell or organism, including which
alleles (gene variants) it carries.

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9
Q

germ line

A

The lineage of reproductive cells that contributes to the
formation of a new generation of organisms, as distinct
from somatic cells, which form the body and leave no
descendants in the next generation

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10
Q

haploid

A

Describes a cell or organism with only one set of
chromosomes, such as a sperm cell or a bacterium. (See
also diploid.)

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11
Q

homolog

A

A gene, chromosome, or any structure that has a close

similarity to another as a result of common ancestry

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12
Q

homologous recombination

A

Mechanism by which double-strand breaks in a DNA
molecule can be repaired flawlessly; uses an undamaged,
duplicated, or homologous chromosome to guide the repair.
During meiosis, the mechanism results in an exchange of
genetic information between the maternal and paternal
homologs

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13
Q

meiosis

A

Specialized type of cell division by which eggs and sperm
cells are made. Two successive nuclear divisions with only
one round of DNA replication generate four haploid cells
from an initial diploid cell

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14
Q

pairing

A

iring
In meiosis, the process by which a pair of duplicated
homologous chromosomes attach to one another to form a
structure containing four sister chromatids.

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15
Q

phenotype

A

enotype

The observable characteristics of a cell or organism.

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16
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Mode of reproduction in which the genomes of two
individuals are mixed to produce an individual that is
genetically distinct from its parents

17
Q

sister chromatid

A

Copy of a chromosome, produced by DNA replication, that

remains bound to the other copy

18
Q

somatic cell

A

Any cell that forms part of the body of a plant or animal that
is not a germ cell or germ-line precursor