Chapter 7 & 10 Review Flashcards
**Cells fall into two broad categories (prokaryote and eukaryote), depending on whether there is ___ or not
nucleus
The smallest unit of life is called a?
cell
____is a layer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and has control of what is able to enter and leave the cell.
cell membrane
A group of cells with the same structure that function together as a unit is called?
tissue
a jelly-like substance where cell activities take place.
cytoplasm
Different types of tissue work together to form
organs
a rigid structure that surrounds the plant cell membrane and
provides support for the cell.
cell wall
is a living thing that can carry out life processes independently
organism
What invention allowed scientists to look at cells more in depth?
microscope
List the three parts to the Cell Theory.
-all livings things are made of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic building blocks of life
- All cells come from existing cells.
Who coined the term “cell” from looking at pieces of cork?
Robert Hooke
Who stated that all plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden.
Who stated that all animals are made of cells?
Theodor Schwann.
_____concluded that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells.
Rudolf Virchow
List 4 differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells.
- EU’s have a nucleus, PRO’s don’t have a nucleus.
- Eu’s are much larger than PRO’S.
- EU’s reproduce through cell division, PRO’s reproduce as asexually.
- EU’s are found in animals, plants, fungi, & protists while PRO’s are found in bacteria.
List 2 similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
- They contain DNA and cytoplasm.
- Can grow, reproduce, and respond to environment.
Causes a cell to swell/burst
hypotonic solution
Doesn’t change the shape of a cell
Isotonic solution
Causes osmosis
Isotonic, hypotonic, & hypertonic
Causes a cell to shrink
hypertonic solution
Is used during active transport but not passive transport.
energy
Process by which a cell takes in a particle by forming a vesicle around it
endocytosis
Particle movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
diffusion
Process by which a cell expels waste from a vesicle.
exocytosis
Particle movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using a transport protein.
facilitated diffusion
The diffusion of water through a cell membrane
osmosis
When energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane
active transport
When energy is NOT required to move materials through a cell membrane.
passive transport
Low CO2 Levels –> High CO2 Levels
active transport
8 H2O Molecules —> 2 H2O Molecules
osmosis
25 Glucose Molecules —> 5 Glucose Molecules
diffusion
2 H2O Molecules —> 8 H2O Molecules
osmosis
High Protein Levels —> Low Protein Levels
diffusion
10 H2O Molecules —> 10 H2O Molecules
equilibrium
95% H2O inside of cell
5% H2O outside of cell
1. water will flow ____
2. the cell will ___
1.out of the cell
2. shrink
hyper-tonic solution
95% H2O inside of cell
95% H2O outside of cell
1. water will flow ____
2. the cell will ___
1.in both directions
2. stay the same
iso-tonic solution
5% H2O inside of cell
95% H2O outside of cell
1. water will flow ____
2. the cell will ___
- into the cell
- burst/swell
- hypo tonic
Explain 2 differences between Active and Passive transport
- Passive Transport doesn’t require energy, active transport does
-Active transport move against the concentration gradient (low to high), passive transport moves along the concentration gradient (high to low)
Explain the term homeostasis.
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
What is the problem with cells growing too big?
If cells become too large, DNA would not be able to meet the demands of the cell. The DNA cannot serve it. Information “OVERLOAD”.
What is the most important thing for a cell to do before it divides?
It must copy it’s DNA.
List 3 differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.
- AR needs one parent, SR needs two parents
- AR is an exact replica/genetically identical of parent, SR is genetically unique/ has genetic diversity
- AR is not capable of adapting to changes in the environment, SR Can have adaptations to environment
Why is it a problem that the volume of a cell increases more rapidly than the surface area?
More food is being used up than being allowed into the cell. More waste is being produced than being expelled (let out). The cell will produce waste faster than it can remove.
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Provides protection for the cell, monitors what comes in/out, helps maintain the shape of the cell, allows entry of nutrient and exit of harmful substances.
List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from simplest level to the most complex level.
- Cell
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
-Organisms
A normal body cell contains 46 chromosomes. Which type of cells contain half of that 23?
Gametes are sex sells so either egg or sperm cells.
Explain cell differentiation
The process of when cells become specialized. They get their jobs.
What are stem cells?
Fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few cell divisions of embryonic development (embryonic stem cells) have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body. Stem cells offer the potential of being able to repair or replace damaged cells and tissues. Are called pluripotent because they can develop into most cell types.
Provide 2 differences between Embryonic and Adult Stem cells.
- ESC are pluripotent, ASC are multi potent = more limited/specialized.
- ESC can produce blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, etc…, ASC can produce different types of blood cells, not nerve cells.
What is the ethical issue behind stem cells research?
Most techniques for harvesting Embryonic stem cells cause the destruction of an embryo. Some people think the embryo is the first sign of life.
What is apoptosis?
A process of programmed cell death. Once apoptosis is triggered, a cell will go through a series of steps to reach death.
What is cyclin? And its function?
Was a protein discovered in 1980’s that could regulate the timing of the cell cycle.
What is cancer?
A disease in which normal cells lose the ability to regulate growth.
What is a tumor?
A mass of tissue.
Provide the 2 types of tumors and describe each one.
- Benign tumors are non cancerous and do not spread to surrounding healthy tissue.
- Malignant tumors are cancerous and invade and destroy surrounding tissue.
Do all cells contain the same DNA? With the exception of gametes (sex cells).
Yes.
