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Biology MP2 Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of one or more cells.
  • Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
  • All cells come from existing cells.
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2
Q

Who coined the term “cell” from looking at pieces of cork?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

Who stated that all plants are made of cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden.

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4
Q

Who stated that all animals are made of cells?

A

Theodor Schwann.

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5
Q

_____concluded that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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6
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

He discovered tiny organisms → bacteria.

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7
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • EU’s have a nucleus, PRO’s don’t have a nucleus.
  • EU’s are much larger than PRO’S.
  • EU’s reproduce through cell division, PRO’s reproduce as asexually.
  • EU’s are found in animals, plants, fungi, & protists while PRO’s are found in bacteria.
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8
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A
  • Active transport is when energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane. Passive transport is when energy is NOT required to move materials through a cell membrane.
  • Active transport moves against the concentration gradient (low to high), passive transport moves along the concentration gradient (high to low)
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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Particle movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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10
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

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11
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Particle movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using a transport protein.

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12
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

Different cells have different specialties. They perform different jobs. Specialized cells are organized into tissues.

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13
Q

What are stem cells? What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

First few cells of cell division in the embryo. Embryonic stem cells are not specialized, adult stem cells are. Embryonic stem cells are pluri-potent because they can develop into most cell types. Adult stem cells are multi-potent because they have certain jobs and are more limited and specialized.

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14
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A process of programmed cell death. Once apoptosis is triggered, a cell will go through a series of steps to reach death.

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15
Q

What do cells look like iso-tonic solutions? Which way do water molecules move?

A

The cell will stay the same and doesn’t change shape. Water flows in both directions. Causes osmosis.

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16
Q

What do cells look like hyper-tonic solutions? Which way do water molecules move?

A

The cell will shrink/shrivel. Water will flow out of the cell. Causes osmosis.

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17
Q

What do cells look like hypo-tonic solutions? Which way do water molecules move?

A

The cell with burst/swell. Water will flow into the cell. Causes osmosis.

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18
Q

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

A

Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.

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19
Q

How is ATP different from ADP?

A

ATP has 3 phosphates, ADP only has 2 phosphates. ATP has 2 high energy bonds and lots of stored energy, ADP only has 1 high energy bond and has a little amount of stored energy.

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20
Q

When a phosphate is removed from ATP, energy is

A

released

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21
Q

When a phosphate is added to ADP, energy is ___ for cellular energy

A

stored

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22
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight/Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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23
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Plants are green due to chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives plants their green color. It absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light. That’s why plants appear green.

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24
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

The chloroplast.

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25
Light Dependent Reactions - location in chloroplast
thylakoid.
26
Light Independent Reactions- location in chloroplast
stroma
27
What is another name for Light independent reactions?
The Calvin Cycle.
28
What are the main parts of the chloroplast?
The outer membrane, the inner membrane, the granum, the thylakoid, and the stroma. (maybe lumen and stomata)
29
What happens to a water molecule in photosynthesis? What are the parts used for?
Water is broken down/ split apart. Oxygen is released as a byproduct and NADPH carries hydrogen from light dependent to light independent reaction to make glucose.
30
Factors that can affect photosynthesis
- Availability of sunlight -- more sunlight = faster photosynthesis - Availability of water -- more water = faster photosynthesis - Availability of carbon dioxide -- more CO2 = faster photosynthesis
31
Light Dependent Reactions - reactants (inputs)
Water and sun light/light energy
32
Light Dependent Reactions - products (outputs)
Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
33
Light Independent Reactions - reactants (inputs)
Carbon Dioxide, ATP, NADPH
34
Light Independent Reactions - products (outputs)
Glucose (C6H12O6), ADP, NADP+
35
What are the reactants and products for aerobic cellular respiration?
Reactants: Oxygen and Glucose Products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP
36
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
37
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Cycle (ETC).
38
Where do the stages of cellular respiration take place?
Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle and ETC: occurs in the mitochondria
39
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
- Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen, Anaerobic Respiration doesn't. -Aerobic Respiration occurs in the mitochondria, Anaerobic Respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.
40
In total, all three parts of cellular respiration will generate ____ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
38
41
What is fermentation? Aerobic or anaerobic?
Cells are capable of extracting energy from food when oxygen is not available. If no oxygen is present, fermentation makes it possible for the cell to keep producing ATP. It is an anaerobic process (no oxygen) that occurs in the cytoplasm.
42
What thing that you eat are made with alcoholic fermentation?
Bread, wine, beer, cider
43
What things that you eat are made with lactic acid fermentation?
Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, and sauerkraut
44
What organism is the only one that carries out alcoholic fermentation?
Yeasts.
45
What goes into and comes out of glycolysis? Aerobic or anaerobic?
Goes into: 2 ATP and 1 Glucose molecule Comes out: 2 pyruvates acid and 4 ATP (put 2 ATP back in pocket so net gain is 2 ATP). This is an anaerobic process.
46
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration called complementary processes?
They both depend on the inputs and outputs of both processes to continue. The products of PHS are the reactants of CR and the reactants of CA are the products of PHS. They are interdependent on each other.
47
What does lactic acid do to your muscles?
A side effect of high lactate levels is an increase in the acidity of the muscle cells. You feel muscle soreness.
48
What is a Calorie/calorie? How many Cal are in each gram of protein, fat and carbohydrate?
We receive our energy from the food that we eat. Energy stored in food is measured by calories. One calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water (1mL) one degree Celsius. 1 Calorie = 1000 calories 1 g. Protein = 4 Calories 1 g. Carbs = 4 Calories 1 g. Fats (lipids) = 9 Calories
49
What increases faster during cell growth: Surface area or Volume?
Volume increases faster than surface area. This difference makes it harder for the cell to transport materials efficiently across its surface as it gets larger.
50
Why do cells need to divide? (Three reasons)
- Repair and Healing: To replace damaged or dead cells. - Reproduction: To produce offspring or gamates for sexual reproduction. - DNA Overload: To increase the number of cells as an organism grows.
51
What are cancer cells?
Cancer is a disease in which normal cells lose the ability to regulate growth. When a cell divides uncontrollably. Does not respond to signals.
52
What is a tumor? What are the two types?
A mass of tissue. A mass of damaged cells that don’t die. - Benign tumors: Non-cancerous. & Do not spread to surrounding healthy tissue. Malignant tumors: Cancerous & Invade and destroy surrounding tissue.
53
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
54
The smallest unit of life is called a?
cell
55
A group of cells with the same structure that function together as a unit is called?
tissue
56
a jelly-like substance where cell activities take place.
cytoplasm
57
Different types of tissue work together to form
organs
58
What is the most important thing for a cell to do before it divides?
It must copy it's DNA.
59
What is the ethical issue behind stem cells research?
Most techniques for harvesting Embryonic stem cells cause the destruction of an embryo. Some people think the embryo is the first sign of life.
60
Alcoholic Fermentation
In the cytoplasm, pyruvic acid is transformed and will produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
61
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid can be converted into lactate. NO carbon dioxide is given off. But when oxygen is limited, the body will convert pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown →and thus energy production →to continue.
62
During exercise athletes acquire ATP from 3 different sources:
ATP that is already in muscles. ATP from lactic acid fermentation. ATP from cellular respiration.
63
1st ATP Used
Body needs a sudden burst of energy, body will use small amount of ATP stored in your muscles That supply will be used up in the first 20 seconds.
64
2nd Supply of ATP
After that supply is gone, your muscle cells will depend on lactic acid fermentation. It can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. Must get rid of lactic acid by using oxygen Huffing and Puffing!!!!
65
Last Supply of ATP
For exercise longer than 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating ATP. Body will break down energy stored as glycogen (carbohydrates).
66
carbon dioxide and oxygen come in through the____
stomata
67
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation. Lactic Acid fermentation.

Study Reviews (13 decks)

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