chapter 61 Flashcards
the lungs at birth are….with fluid derived from the amniotic cavity
about half filled
fetal thorax is examined by the sonographer in which plane?
transverse and coronal or parasagittal planes
A reduction of overall thoracic size may be seen due to ?
presence of oligohydramnios, resultant pulmonary hypoplasia.
A fetus with a significant narrow diameter of the chest may have ?
asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
The best ultrasonic determination for predicting pulmonary hypoplasia
(CA-HA×100)/CA
The apex of the heart should be directed toward
the spleen, the base of the heart lies horizontal to the diaphragm.
fetal lungs appear ?
homogeneous with moderate echogenicity.
fetal breathing movement are considered absent if?
no fetal activity is noted during the 20 min. of observation.
normal cardiac axis range form which degree?
22 to 75
45 being the average
which lung has a slightly greater volume? right or left
right has a greater lung volume
pulmonary hypoplasia is caused by?
decrease in the numbers of lung cells, airways and alveoli, with decrease in organ size and weight
pulmonary hypoplasia may also occur in fetuses with ?
severe intrauterine growth restriction and early rupture of the membranes.
how to check for pulmonary hypoplasia as a sonographer?
measuring the thoracic circumference at the level of the 4 chamber heart view, excluding skin/subcutaneous tissue
lung cysts replace what?
replace normal lung parenchyma
this cysts is most common, unilocular or multilocular cysts usually within mediastinum or lungs
bronchogenic cyst
pleural effusion or hydrothorax is ?
accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity that may appear as isolated lesion or secondary to multiple fetal anomalies
the most common reason for pleural effusion is due to?
chylothorax-occurring as a right-side unilateral collection of fluid secondary to a malformed thoracic duct
a supernumerary lobe of the lung, separated from the normal tracheobronchial tree is what type of lung mass?
Pulmonary sequestration
In pulmonary sequestration, intralobar is?
extra pulmonary tissue is present within the pleural lung sac
In pulmonary sequestration, extralobar is?
connection to the inferior border of the lung within its own pleural sac
a multicystic mass within the lung consisting of primitive lung tissue and abnormal bronchial and bronchiolar-like structures is?
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)
single or multiple large cysts 2 cm in diameter; good prognosis after resection of affected lung. is what type 1, 2, or 3?
type one (1)- most favorable
a rare pulmonary anomaly that results from the focal obliteration of a segment of the bronchial lumen
congenital bronchial atresia
A herniation of the abdominal viscera into the chest that results from a congenital defect in the fetal diaphragm. this is ?
congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CHD)
muscular diaphragm forms between which gestation weeks?
6th and 14th
The most common type of diaphragmatic defect and occurs posteriorly and laterally is ?
foramen of bochdalek on the left side
foramen of bochdalek hernia usually appears on which side?
the left side
Diaphragmatic hernias may occur anteriorly and medially in the diaphragm. on the right
foramen of Morgagni
Hydrops usually is not present with left-side congenital diaphragmatic hernias unless associated with ?
fetal malformation are present
At birth, most infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have what ?
pulmonary hypoplasia and secondary respiratory insufficiency
lymphangiectasia is associated with ?
pleural effusion
