chapter 61

Question 1

the lungs at birth are….with fluid derived from the amniotic cavity

Answer 1

about half filled

Question 2

fetal thorax is examined by the sonographer in which plane?

Answer 2

transverse and coronal or parasagittal planes

Question 3

A reduction of overall thoracic size may be seen due to ?

Answer 3

presence of oligohydramnios, resultant pulmonary hypoplasia.

Question 4

A fetus with a significant narrow diameter of the chest may have ?

Answer 4

asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy

Question 5

The best ultrasonic determination for predicting pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 5

(CA-HA×100)/CA

Question 6

The apex of the heart should be directed toward

Answer 6

the spleen, the base of the heart lies horizontal to the diaphragm.

Question 7

fetal lungs appear ?

Answer 7

homogeneous with moderate echogenicity.

Question 8

fetal breathing movement are considered absent if?

Answer 8

no fetal activity is noted during the 20 min. of observation.

Question 9

normal cardiac axis range form which degree?

Answer 9

22 to 75

45 being the average

Question 10

which lung has a slightly greater volume? right or left

Answer 10

right has a greater lung volume

Question 11

pulmonary hypoplasia is caused by?

Answer 11

decrease in the numbers of lung cells, airways and alveoli, with decrease in organ size and weight

Question 12

pulmonary hypoplasia may also occur in fetuses with ?

Answer 12

severe intrauterine growth restriction and early rupture of the membranes.

Question 13

how to check for pulmonary hypoplasia as a sonographer?

Answer 13

measuring the thoracic circumference at the level of the 4 chamber heart view, excluding skin/subcutaneous tissue

Question 14

lung cysts replace what?

Answer 14

replace normal lung parenchyma

Question 15

this cysts is most common, unilocular or multilocular cysts usually within mediastinum or lungs

Answer 15

bronchogenic cyst

Question 16

pleural effusion or hydrothorax is ?

Answer 16

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity that may appear as isolated lesion or secondary to multiple fetal anomalies

Question 17

the most common reason for pleural effusion is due to?

Answer 17

chylothorax-occurring as a right-side unilateral collection of fluid secondary to a malformed thoracic duct

Question 18

a supernumerary lobe of the lung, separated from the normal tracheobronchial tree is what type of lung mass?

Answer 18

Pulmonary sequestration

Question 19

In pulmonary sequestration, intralobar is?

Answer 19

extra pulmonary tissue is present within the pleural lung sac

Question 20

In pulmonary sequestration, extralobar is?

Answer 20

connection to the inferior border of the lung within its own pleural sac

Question 21

a multicystic mass within the lung consisting of primitive lung tissue and abnormal bronchial and bronchiolar-like structures is?

Answer 21

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

Question 22

single or multiple large cysts 2 cm in diameter; good prognosis after resection of affected lung. is what type 1, 2, or 3?

Answer 22

type one (1)- most favorable

Question 23

a rare pulmonary anomaly that results from the focal obliteration of a segment of the bronchial lumen

Answer 23

congenital bronchial atresia

Question 24

A herniation of the abdominal viscera into the chest that results from a congenital defect in the fetal diaphragm. this is ?

Answer 24

congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CHD)

Question 25

muscular diaphragm forms between which gestation weeks?

Answer 25

6th and 14th

Question 26

The most common type of diaphragmatic defect and occurs posteriorly and laterally is ?

Answer 26

foramen of bochdalek on the left side

Question 27

foramen of bochdalek hernia usually appears on which side?

Answer 27

the left side

Question 28

Diaphragmatic hernias may occur anteriorly and medially in the diaphragm. on the right

Answer 28

foramen of Morgagni

Question 29

Hydrops usually is not present with left-side congenital diaphragmatic hernias unless associated with ?

Answer 29

fetal malformation are present

Question 30

At birth, most infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have what ?

Answer 30

pulmonary hypoplasia and secondary respiratory insufficiency

Question 31

lymphangiectasia is associated with ?

Answer 31

pleural effusion