chapter 60 Flashcards
Anencephaly may result from syndrome such as..?
meckel-gruber chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 13/18)
Anencephaly means?
absence of brain
Acrania or exencephaly means?
absent of the cranial bones, with presence of complete although abnormal, development of the cerebral hemispheres.
Acrania/exencephaly is occured during which stage?
4th gestational week, when mesenchymal tissue fails to migrate -no bone formation
cephalocele meaning ?
neural tube defect in which the meaning alone or the meaning and brian herniate through a defect in the calvarium.
Encephalocele means?
herniation of meninges and brian
cranial meningocele means?
herniation of only meninges
cephalocele most commonly involve which bone ?
occipital bone
spina bifida means?
wide range of vertebral defects that result from failure of neural tube closure
spina bifida commonly occurs ?
lumbar and sacral region. but also anywhere along the vertebral column
the increase intake of folic acid to cereal grain products are good for decreasing the outcome of which defect?
spina bifida
when the spine is covered with skin or hair it is known as
spina bifida occulta
the meninges and neural elements protrude through the defect.
meningomyelocele ( AKA spina bifida )
if a defect is very large and severe it is called
rachischisis
fetuses with myelomeningoceles often present with ..?
cranial defects -associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation
Fetal goiter
Homogenous mass arising from the anterior fetal neck. It is associated with maternal thyroid disease.
Nuchal translucency
Between 11 and 13 weeks, 6 days.
Cystic hygroma
Lymphatic obstruction
Epignathus
Swallowing may be impaired
Nasal triad evaluation
Nostril symmetry, nasal septum integrity, continuity of upper lip (no cleft lip).
Craniosynostosis
premature closer of the cranial bone
The absence of the cavum septum pellucidium is a distinguishing characteristic of which one of the following fetal anomalies?
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
A form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril is which one of the following?
Cebocephaly
Which one of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle?
Holoprosencephaly
Which one of the following abnormalities is the most common open neural tube defect?
Anencephaly
Which of the following signs are characteristic of the Arnold-Chiari malformation?
Banana- and lemon-shaped
An open spinal defect characterized by a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac, is called which one of the following?
meningomyelocele = both spine and meninges protrude
Which one of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue.
Hydranencephaly
strawberry sign is in association with which trisomy?
trisomy 18
Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) manifest ?
with agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis with dilation on 4th ventricle and enlargement of the posterior fossa.
development of the cerebellar vermis begins during which week? and completed during?
9th week of gestation begins and completed 18th
DWM is associated with which chromosomal anomalies?
trisomines 13,18, 21, and triploidy
holoprosencephaly three forms of from most severe to less.
- alobar
- semilobar
- lobar
alobar holoprosencephaly is?
singular monoventricle brian tissue that is small and may have a cup, ball, or pancake configuration. fusion of the thalamus
semilobar holoprosencephaly
singular ventricular cavity with partial formation of occipital horns, partial/complete fusion of thalamus
lobar holoprosencephaly
almost complete division of the ventricles is seen with corpus callosum that may be normal, hypoplastic, or absent
holoprosencephaly varies but most specifically with which trisomy?
trisomy 13
holoprosencephaly facial anomalies?
cyclopia, hypotelorism, absent nose, flattened nose with a single nostril and proboscis
Cebocephaly consists of ?
combination of hypotelorism with normally placed nose with single nostril.
What has a fibrous tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres and aids in the learning and memory?
corpus callosum
corpus callosum beings to develop at what gestation week? and is completed by?
the 12th week and completed by 20th week
Chromosomal anomalies that may accompany agenesis of the corpus callosum include?
trisomies 21, 13, and 18 and triploidy
Aqueduct of sylvius connects which ventricles?
the 3rd and 4th,
vein of galen aneurysm is what kind of malformation?
arteriovenous malformation
vein of galen is dominate in male or females
males
cerebrospinal fluid and cellular debris that have been become trapped within the neuroepithelial folds.
choroid plexus cysts
which cysts fills with cerebrospinal fluid that communicate with the ventricular system or subarachnoid space?
porencephalic cysts
porencephalic cysts
hemorrhage, infarction, delivery trauma, inflammatory changes in the nervous system.
Schizencephaly is characterized by?
slits or clefts in the cerebral cortex.
Schizencephaly is result from?
abnormal migration of neurons, can extend from the ventricle to outer surface of the brain and are lined with abnormal gray matter.
Hydranencephaly is characterized by destruction of ?
destruction of the cerebral hemispheres by occlusion of the internal carotid arteries.
