chapter 60

Question 1

Anencephaly may result from syndrome such as..?

Answer 1

meckel-gruber 
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 13/18)

Question 2

Anencephaly means?

Answer 2

absence of brain

Question 3

Acrania or exencephaly means?

Answer 3

absent of the cranial bones, with presence of complete although abnormal, development of the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 4

Acrania/exencephaly is occured during which stage?

Answer 4

4th gestational week, when mesenchymal tissue fails to migrate -no bone formation

Question 5

cephalocele meaning ?

Answer 5

neural tube defect in which the meaning alone or the meaning and brian herniate through a defect in the calvarium.

Question 6

Encephalocele means?

Answer 6

herniation of meninges and brian

Question 7

cranial meningocele means?

Answer 7

herniation of only meninges

Question 8

cephalocele most commonly involve which bone ?

Answer 8

occipital bone

Question 9

spina bifida means?

Answer 9

wide range of vertebral defects that result from failure of neural tube closure

Question 10

spina bifida commonly occurs ?

Answer 10

lumbar and sacral region. but also anywhere along the vertebral column

Question 11

the increase intake of folic acid to cereal grain products are good for decreasing the outcome of which defect?

Answer 11

spina bifida

Question 12

when the spine is covered with skin or hair it is known as

Answer 12

spina bifida occulta

Question 13

the meninges and neural elements protrude through the defect.

Answer 13

meningomyelocele ( AKA spina bifida )

Question 14

if a defect is very large and severe it is called

Answer 14

rachischisis

Question 15

fetuses with myelomeningoceles often present with ..?

Answer 15

cranial defects -associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation

Question 16

Fetal goiter

Answer 16

Homogenous mass arising from the anterior fetal neck. It is associated with maternal thyroid disease.

Question 17

Nuchal translucency

Answer 17

Between 11 and 13 weeks, 6 days.

Question 18

Cystic hygroma

Answer 18

Lymphatic obstruction

Question 19

Epignathus

Answer 19

Swallowing may be impaired

Question 20

Nasal triad evaluation

Answer 20

Nostril symmetry, nasal septum integrity, continuity of upper lip (no cleft lip).

Question 21

Craniosynostosis

Answer 21

premature closer of the cranial bone

Question 22

The absence of the cavum septum pellucidium is a distinguishing characteristic of which one of the following fetal anomalies?

Answer 22

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 23

A form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril is which one of the following?

Answer 23

Cebocephaly

Question 24

Which one of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle?

Answer 24

Holoprosencephaly

Question 25

Which one of the following abnormalities is the most common open neural tube defect?

Answer 25

Anencephaly

Question 26

Which of the following signs are characteristic of the Arnold-Chiari malformation?

Answer 26

Banana- and lemon-shaped

Question 27

An open spinal defect characterized by a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac, is called which one of the following?

Answer 27

meningomyelocele = both spine and meninges protrude

Question 28

Which one of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue.

Answer 28

Hydranencephaly

Question 29

strawberry sign is in association with which trisomy?

Answer 29

trisomy 18

Question 30

Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) manifest ?

Answer 30

with agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis with dilation on 4th ventricle and enlargement of the posterior fossa.

Question 31

development of the cerebellar vermis begins during which week? and completed during?

Answer 31

9th week of gestation begins and completed 18th

Question 32

DWM is associated with which chromosomal anomalies?

Answer 32

trisomines 13,18, 21, and triploidy

Question 33

holoprosencephaly three forms of from most severe to less.

Answer 33

1. alobar 2. semilobar 3. lobar

Question 34

alobar holoprosencephaly is?

Answer 34

singular monoventricle brian tissue that is small and may have a cup, ball, or pancake configuration. fusion of the thalamus

Question 35

semilobar holoprosencephaly

Answer 35

singular ventricular cavity with partial formation of occipital horns, partial/complete fusion of thalamus

Question 36

lobar holoprosencephaly

Answer 36

almost complete division of the ventricles is seen with corpus callosum that may be normal, hypoplastic, or absent

Question 37

holoprosencephaly varies but most specifically with which trisomy?

Answer 37

trisomy 13

Question 38

holoprosencephaly facial anomalies?

Answer 38

cyclopia, hypotelorism, absent nose, flattened nose with a single nostril and proboscis

Question 39

Cebocephaly consists of ?

Answer 39

combination of hypotelorism with normally placed nose with single nostril.

Question 40

What has a fibrous tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres and aids in the learning and memory?

Answer 40

corpus callosum

Question 41

corpus callosum beings to develop at what gestation week? and is completed by?

Answer 41

the 12th week and completed by 20th week

Question 42

Chromosomal anomalies that may accompany agenesis of the corpus callosum include?

Answer 42

trisomies 21, 13, and 18 and triploidy

Question 43

Aqueduct of sylvius connects which ventricles?

Answer 43

the 3rd and 4th,

Question 44

vein of galen aneurysm is what kind of malformation?

Answer 44

arteriovenous malformation

Question 45

vein of galen is dominate in male or females

Answer 45

males

Question 46

cerebrospinal fluid and cellular debris that have been become trapped within the neuroepithelial folds.

Answer 46

choroid plexus cysts

Question 47

which cysts fills with cerebrospinal fluid that communicate with the ventricular system or subarachnoid space?

Answer 47

porencephalic cysts

Question 48

porencephalic cysts

Answer 48

hemorrhage, infarction, delivery trauma, inflammatory changes in the nervous system.

Question 49

Schizencephaly is characterized by?

Answer 49

slits or clefts in the cerebral cortex.

Question 50

Schizencephaly is result from?

Answer 50

abnormal migration of neurons, can extend from the ventricle to outer surface of the brain and are lined with abnormal gray matter.

Question 51

Hydranencephaly is characterized by destruction of ?

Answer 51

destruction of the cerebral hemispheres by occlusion of the internal carotid arteries.