Chapter 6-The Human Body Flashcards
Coronal (frontal) plane
divides the body front to back
Sagittal (lateral) plane
divides the body left and right (do not need to be divided equally)
Midsagittal (midline) plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
Transverse (axial) plane
divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections
Joints
where two bones meet
Ligaments
fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone
Tendons
attach bone to tissue
How many bones in the skeletal system?
206
Axial Skeleton
forms the longitudinal axis of the body from the skull to the coccyx (includes skull, facial bones, thoracic rib cage and vertebral spinal column)
Appendicular skeleton
comprises the upper and lower extremities and the points by which they connect to the axial skeleton
How many bones in the skull?
- Three groups. Cranium. Facial Bones. Three small bones in the ear.
Cranium
protects the brain. consists of 4 bones. Occiput (posterior), temporal (lateral), parietal (between temporal and occiput) and frontal (forehead)
Facial bones number
- Upper non movable jawbones (maxillae). Cheekbones (zygomas). Lower, movable portion of jaw (mandible). Orbits. Short bones that form bridge of nose.
How many vertebrae in spinal colum?
- Divided into 5 sections.
Name the five sections of the vertebrae
Cervical Spine (neck) has 7 vertebrae. Thoracic Spine (upper back) has one pair of ribs attached to each of the 12 vertebrae. Lumbar spine (lower back) has 5. Sacrum (back wall of pelvis) consists of 5 fused vertebrae that join the pelvis. Coccyx (tailbone) consists of 5 fused vertebrae.
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels.
Sternum
Midline of the chest. Made up of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process.
Shoulder Girdle
where the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade) and humerus (upper arm) come together AKA Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
consists of two large hip bones (coxae), the sacrum and the coccyx. Each coxa is formed by fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis.
Upper Arm
Humerus, Single Bone of Upper Arm
Forearm
Radius (lateral/thumb side) and Ulna (medial, little finger side)
Upper Leg
Femur (longest and one of the strongest bones in the body). AKA thighbone.
Lower Leg
Tibia and FIbula
Foot Bones
Tarsals, Metatarsals and phalanges
Functions of the Skeletal System
Gives the body its shape. Framework to attach soft tissue and organs. Structural Support. Protects the fragile organs. Allows for movement. Stores calcium. Helps create blood cells.
Musculoskeletal Functions
Movement, Protection for vital organs. Production of heat by shivering.
Skeletal Muscle
Attaches to the bones of the skeleton and forms the major muscle mass of the body. Voluntary muscle. Striped appearance. Striated Muscle.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary. Found within blood vessels and intestines.
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary. Found only within the heart. Unique, can generate its own electrical impulses.
Anatomy
Field of study that focuses on the physical structure of the body and its systems
Physiology
Examining the normal function and activities of body and biologic components
Pathophysiology
Study of functional changes that accompany a particular disease or syndrome.
Cells
Foundation of human body. Cells—>Tissues—>Organs—>Body Systems
Vertebral Column
Spinal Column
Thoracic Cage
Rib Cage`
Cartilage
Cushion between bones
Flexion
Bending
Extension
Straightening
Foramen Magnum
At the base of cranium, large opening, serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to connect with the brain and descend into the spinal/vertebral column.
Maxillae
Upper Jawbones
Madible
Lower Jawbones
Zygomas
Cheek Bones
Atlas
First Cervical Vertebra
Axis
Second Cervical Vertebra
Intervertebral Disks
Cushioning, shock absorbing structures between gaps of vertebrae
Thorax
Chest-containing the heart, lungs, esophagus and greater vessels (aorta and superior and inferior venae cavae)
Manubrium
Uppermost section of sternum, superior edge forms a landmark called the sternal notch
Sternal Body
Largest bony section of the sternum
Xiphoid Process
Narrow cartilaginous structure at inferior tip of sternum.
Clavicle
Collarbone (only joint that directly connects the shoulder/pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.
Scapula
Shoulder Blade (supported and positioned by skeletal muscles and has no bony or ligamentous connections to the thoracic cage)
Eight Bones that form that wrist are called
Carpals
Metacarpals #
5, which form the palm of the hand
Coxae
Two large hip bones in the pelvic girdle. Formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and the pubis.
Tibia
Larger of the two lower leg bones, medial side.
Fibula
Smaller of the two lower leg bones. Lateral side of the lower leg. AKA shinbone.
of Tarsal Bones in Foot
Seven
Calcaneus
Heal Bone
Biceps
Upper arm muscles, located on the anterior aspect of the humerus. Bends the elbow by moving the lower part of the arm toward the head.
Triceps
Three headed muscle of the back of the arm that functions to straighten the elbow.
of muscles in musculoskeletal system
more than 600
Homeostatis
The body’s self regulating process of preserving internal balance or equilibrium in order to survive
Anterior Muscles
Flexing of the Biceps, Perctoralis, Rectus Abdominis, Tibialis Anterior, Quadriceps (four separate mucles)
Posterior Muscles
Extending of the Triceps, Latissimus Dorsi, Gastrocnemius, Bicep Femoris, Gluteus (3 separate muscles)
Aerobic Metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Anaerobic Metabolism
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by product is lactic acid
autonomic nervous system
part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
Axons
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
beta-adrenergic receptors
portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, increased heart rate and bronchial dilation
cecum
the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
cellular metabolism
a set of chemical reaction that supplies cells with energy. includes both aerobic and anaerobic metabolsim
central nervous system CNS
the brain and spinal cord
chyme
the substance that leaves the stomach. combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
diffusion
movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
enzymes
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
germinal layer
the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
hypercapnia
an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, also called hypecarbia
hypoperfusion
condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to main normal cellular function also called shock
hypoixa
deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
hypoxic drive
a back up system to control respiration; senses drop in the oxygen level in the blood.
lactic acid
a metabolic by product of the glucose that cumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
respiratory compromise
the inability of the body to move gas effectively
somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
stratum corneum
the outermost or dead layer of skin
sympathetic nervous system
the adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system response for the fight or flight response
V/Q Ratio
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowwing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
