Chapter 11-Airway Management Flashcards
aerobic metabolism
metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
agonal gasps
abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
alveolar minute volume
the volume of air moved through the lungs in one minute the dead space, calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate
alveolar ventilation
the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. it is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume
american standard safety system
a safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas
apena
absence of spontaneous breathing
apneic oxygenation
technique in which oxygen administered through high flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure
ataxic repirations
irregular, in effective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
automatic transport ventilator (ATV)
a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. it frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.
bag mask device
a device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen; it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen
capnography
a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism. it effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time
capnometry
the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.
chemoreceptors
monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and PH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time
Cheyne-Strokes repirations
a cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea
dead space
any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
denitrogenation
the process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management
dyspnea
shortness of breath
end tidal co2
the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an an exhaled breath
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration
glottis
the space in between the vocal cords that is narrowest portion of the adults airways; also called the glottic opening
good air exchange
a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with mild airway obstruction. with good air exchange the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard
gum elastic bougie
a flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea
hemothorax
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
hypercarbia
increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream
hypoxia
deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
hypoxic drive
a backup system to control respirations; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues
intrapulmonary shunting
bypassing of oxygen poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart
minute volume
the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute respiration
nonrebreathing mask
a combination mask and reservoir system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting. delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases
oxygenation
process of delivering oxygen to the blood by the diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs
oxygen toxicity
condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage
parietal pleura
thin membrane that lines the chest cavity
partial pressure
term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood
passive ventilation
the act of air moving into and out of the lungs during chest compressions
phrenic nerves
the two nerves that innervate the diaphragm necessary for adequate breathing to occur
pneumothroax
an accumulation of air or gas to the pleural cavity
poor air exchange
term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. often has weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing or possible cyanosis and may produce a high pitched noise during inspiration (stridor)
preoxygenation
the process of providing oxygen, often in combination with ventilation, prior to intubation in order to raise the oxygen levels of body tissues.
recovery position
a side lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injures who are breathing adequately
residual volume
the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
respiration
the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
stridor
harsh, high pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway. may be audible without a stethoscope.
surfactant
liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded, a low level in a premature infants contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.
tension pneumothroax
an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity that progressively increases pressure in the chest and that interferes with cardiac function, with potentially fatal results
tidal volume
the amount of air (in mL) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
ventilation
the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person such as an EMT
visceral pleura
thin membrane that covers the lungs
vital capacity
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible
