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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 6 - The Central Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Central Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

no

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2
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones?

A

to the interstitial space then into the blood

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3
Q

Hormone Definition

A

a chemical substance that is secreted in low quantities into the blood and exerts a physiological effect on a specific target tissue

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4
Q

What makes the target specific?

A

the receptor sites

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5
Q

Overall Endocrine System Functions

A

-organic metabolism regulation
-water and electrolyte balance
-stress adaptations
-growth and development
-reproductive control
-RBC production
-circulation, digestion, food absorption regulation

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6
Q

The nervous and endocrine system regulate and communicate with the body; what is the difference between the two?

A

the endocrine system is a much less rapid response but its effects are more long term

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7
Q

How is hormone concentration in the plasma controlled?

A

-changes in the rate of hormone secretion

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8
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

-a hormone that regulates the production and secretion of another hormone
-they stimulate and maintain these target tissues

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9
Q

What is negative-feedback control?

A

when the output of a system counteracts a change in input

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10
Q

What is negative-feedback used for?

A

maintaining hormone plasma concentration

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11
Q

Set Point

A

the given level of a hormone that should be maintained

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12
Q

Can a hormone switch off its own secretion?

A

yes, via negative-feedback

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13
Q

Positive-Feedback Loop

A

actions of a hormone cause further release of the hormone ie. oxytocin

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine Reflexes

A

combination of neural and hormonal components to produce a sudden increase in hormone secretion ie. cortisol

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15
Q

What is a Dinural (circadian) Rhythm

A

-an endocrine rhythm characterized by regular hormone levels on a 24 hour cycle
-locked on (or entrained) to external cues set by the CNS

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways a hormone can influence another hormone at a target cell?

A
  1. permissiveness
  2. synergism
  3. antagonism
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17
Q

Permissiveness

A

-one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for full exertion of another hormones effect
-one hormone ‘permits’ another

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18
Q

Permissiveness Example

A

-TH permits epinephrine to exert its full effect by increasing the number of epinephrine receptors

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19
Q

Synergism

A

-actions of several hormones are complimentary
-combined effects greater then sum of individual effects

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20
Q

Synergism Example

A

-FSH and testosterone in maintaining sperm production
-influences receptors for each other hormone

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21
Q

Antagonism

A

-one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone

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22
Q

Antagonism Example

A

-When parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from bones to oppose calcitonin
-also insulin and glucagon

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23
Q

Hyposecretion

A

-an endocrine dysfunction where too little hormone is secreted

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24
Q

Primary Hypo/Hyper Secretion

A

the gland is not secreting enough/too much due to abnormality with the gland

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25
Q

Secondary Hypo/ Hyper Secretion

A

gland is functioning normally but secreting too little/much due to a deficiency/sufficiency of its tropic hormone

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26
Q

Some factors that cause hyposecretion:

A

-increased hormone removal from blood
-abnormal tissue response to hormone
-lack of target receptors
-lack of enzyme needed for target response

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27
Q

Hypersecretion

A

-an endocrine gland dysfunction where too much hormone is secreted

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28
Q

Some factors that cause hypersecretion:

A

-reduced plasma proteins to bind with the hormone
-decreased removal from the blood
-decreased inactivation

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29
Q

How are hormones grouped?

A

based on chemical nature

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30
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones

A

-water-loving
-highly water soluble
-low lipid solubility

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31
Q

What are the structure of hydrophilic hormones?

A

-peptides (short length) and proteins (long length)

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32
Q

Example of Hydrophilic Hormones

A

-Insulin
-Catecholamines

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33
Q

How are peptides transported in the blood?

A

as free hormones

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34
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

-hormone derived from amino acid tyrosine

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35
Q

Where are catecholamines secreted?

A

adrenal medulla

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36
Q

What is the primary catecholamine?

A

epinephrine

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37
Q

How are catecholamines transported in the blood?

A

half bound to plasma proteins

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38
Q

Where do peptides and catecholamines bind on their target cell?

A

surface

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39
Q

Lipophilic Hormones

A

-lipid-loving
-high lipid solubility
-poor water solubility
-thyroid and steroid hormones

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40
Q

Thyroid hormone is an _____ _______ derivative

A

iodinated tyrosine

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41
Q

Steroid hormones are a ________ derivative

A

cholesterol

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42
Q

What are amines?

A

-when catecholamines and thyroid hormones are grouped together being both tyrosine derivatives

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43
Q

How are thyroid and steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

mostly bound to plasma proteins

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44
Q

Where is the receptor site for thyroid and steroid hormones?

A

inside the target cell

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45
Q

How do hydrophilic hormones affect their target cell?

A

they change/activate the 2nd messenger system to alter target protein activity that produce the effect

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46
Q

How do lipophilic hormones affect their target cell?

A

they activate new genes to make new proteins and produce the effect

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47
Q

Where do steroid hormones come from?

A

adrenal cortex and gonads

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48
Q

Where do thyroid hormones come from?

A

thyroid follicular cells

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49
Q

How are peptide hormones processed?

A

-synthesized by ribosomes in RER
-processed in Golgi to become active hormones
-packaged in Golgi and sent off in secretory vesicles
-released by exocytosis

50
Q

What are the most common peptide hormones?

A

polypeptides

51
Q

How are steroid hormones processed?

A

-cholesterol from cell stores is modified sequentially by enzymes
-the final product depends on the cell type

52
Q

Can steroid hormones be stored?

A

no, they are released immediately by diffusion to the blood (cholesterol is the only thing stored)

53
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

54
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

the punching bag located below the hypothalamus

55
Q

What connected the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

56
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary? Why?

A

-neurohypophysis
-it is mainly composed of nervous tissue

57
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary? Why?

A

-adenohypophysis
-it is mainly made of glandular epithelial tissue

58
Q

What controls the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

the hypothalamus

59
Q

How do the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus connect?

A

via a neural pathway

60
Q

How do the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus connect?

A

via a unique vascular link

61
Q

What forms the neuroendocrine system?

A

the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

62
Q

Does the posterior pituitary actually produce any hormones?

A

no, only storage and release of 2 hormones made in the hypothalamus

63
Q

Which 2 hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

vasopressin (aldosterone) and oxytocin

64
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

-conserves water during urine formation
-causes vasoconstriction

65
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

-stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth
-milk ejection during breast feeding

66
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced and released by the anterior pituitary?

A

-Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Prolactin (PRL)
-Growth hormone (GH)

67
Q

Of the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary, which one is NOT tropic?

A

prolactin (PRL)

68
Q

The anterior pituitary makes and releases what kind of hormones?

A

peptide

69
Q

What does TSH do?

A

-stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)
-stimulates growth of the thyroid gland

70
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

-stimulates secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
-promotes growth of the adrenal cortex

71
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

-responsible for ovulation and luteinization
-regulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

72
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

-stimulates testosterone secretion

73
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

-stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicle
-promotes ovarian estrogen secretion

74
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

-sperm production

75
Q

What does GH do?

A

-regulates overall body growth
-important in intermediary metabolism

76
Q

What does PRL do?

A

-enhances breast development and milk production (females)

77
Q

What 2 things control pituitary hormone release?

A
  1. hypothalamic hormones
  2. feedback by target gland hormones
78
Q

What do hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones do?

A

they stimulate or inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

79
Q

How many hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones are there? What are they called?

A

7:
-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
-Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
-Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
-Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
-Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

80
Q

What does thyrotropin-releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates release of TSH and prolactin

81
Q

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates ACTH release

82
Q

What does gonadotropin-releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates FSH and LH release (from the same cells)

83
Q

What does growth hormone-releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates release of GH

84
Q

What does growth hormone-inhibiting hormone do?

A

inhibits release of GH and TSH

85
Q

What does prolactin-releasing hormone do?

A

stimulate release of prolactin

86
Q

What does prolactin-inhibiting hormone do?

A

inhibit prolactin release

87
Q

What controls the secretion of hypophysiotropic hormones?

A
88
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal Portal System

A

-the vascular network between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
-blood flows from one capillary bed through connecting vessel to another capillary bed

89
Q

What 3 things are involved in growth?

A

-protein synthesis
-lengthening of bones
-increase in size and number of cells in soft tissues

90
Q

Is GH entirely responsible for growth?

A

no

91
Q

What other factors influence growth?

A

-genetic determination of maximum growth capacity
-diet
-chronic diseases
-stress
-normal growth-influencing hormone levels

92
Q

Is growth continuous?

A

no, it happens in 2 bursts

93
Q

What promotes fetal growth?

A

-placental hormones
-NOT GH

94
Q

Postnatal Growth Spurt

A

-during first 2 years of life

95
Q

Pubertal Growth Spurt

A

-during adolescence

96
Q

Hyperplasia

A

-stimulated by GH
-increasing the number of cells
-done by stimulating cell division and preventing apoptosis

97
Q

Hypertrophy

A

-stimulated by GH
-increasing the size of cells
-done by favouring protein synthesis

98
Q

Do bones grow from the ends or the centre?

A

centre

99
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

A

cartilage is not calcified

100
Q

What separates the diaphysis (shaft) from the epiphysis (end)?

A

epiphyseal plate, a layer of cartilage (chrondrocytes)

101
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A

-chondrocytes at the epiphysis multiply and widen epiphyseal plate
-the epiphysis and diaphysis are pushed farther apart and the older cartilage is calcified

102
Q

Does GH promote growth directly or indirectly? How?

A

indirectly by stimulating the production of somatomedins

103
Q

What are somatomedins?

A

-peptide mediators from the liver
-they are structurally similar to insulin and also called Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)

104
Q

What does IGF do?

A

acts on bone and soft tissue to bring about growth promoting actions

105
Q

What does IGF stimulate?

A

-protein synthesis
-cell division
-hyperplasia and hypertrophy

106
Q

When can bone growth occur?

A

when the epiphyseal plate is cartilaginous or “open”

107
Q

What do “closed” growth plates mean?

A

-the epiphyseal plate has ossified
-no more growth can occur
-marks the end of adolescence

108
Q

When is GH tropic?

A

-when it acts on the liver to produce IGF
-promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth

109
Q

When is GH not tropic?

A

-its metabolic actions unrelated to growth: fat breakdown, decreasing glucose uptake by muscles, increasing liver glucose output

110
Q

How does GH increase blood fatty acids?

A

enhancing breakdown of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue

111
Q

How does GH increase blood glucose levels?

A

-decreasing glucose uptake by muscles
-increasing glucose from the liver (stimulating glycogen breakdown)

112
Q

When is GH secretion highest? Lowest?

A

-highest in adolescence
-lowest in adults

113
Q

What are the effects of lowered GH secretion in adults?

A

-decrease in lead body fat
-decrease in bone mass
-expansion of adipose tissue
-thinning of skin

114
Q

What does dwarfism result from?

A

hyposecretion of GH

115
Q

What does hypersecretion of GH in childhood lead to?

A

gigantism

116
Q

What does hypersecretion of GH in adulthood lead to?

A

acromegaly (tumour of GH producing cells)

117
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

a tiny pinecone shaped structure in the centre of the brain

118
Q

What does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

119
Q

What is melatonin?

A

-the hormone that peaks during darkness
-promotes sleep

120
Q

Melatonin Function

A

-synchronizing circadian rhythms with light-dark cycles
-promotes sleep
-influences reproductive activity
-acts as an antioxidant
-enhances immunity

121
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

-master biological clock

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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