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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 18 - The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs in males?

A

pair of testes

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2
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs in females?

A

pair of ovaries

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3
Q

What are the functions of testes?

A

-producing sperm
-secreting testosterone

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4
Q

What are the functions of ovaries?

A

-egg production
-secreting estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

What does the reproductive tract do?

A

-transport or house gametes after they are produced

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6
Q

What do accessory sex glands do?

A

-empty supportive secretions into the reproductive tract

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7
Q

Are the female breasts considered accessory sex organs?

A

yes

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8
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

-external characteristics not directly involved in reproduction
-ie. body configuration and hair

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9
Q

What is the male secondary sex hormone?

A

testosterone

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10
Q

What is the female secondary sex hormone?

A

estrogen

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11
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands? What do they do?

A

-seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
-secretions provide the bulk of sperm

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do body (somatic) cells have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs)

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes (sperm/egg) have?

A

23 chromosomes

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14
Q

How is gametogenesis accomplished?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

Gamete chromosomes have 22 pairs of a________ and 1 pair of sex __________

A

-autosomes (code for human characteristics)
-sex chromosomes (x or y)

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16
Q

Meiosis produces a ______ set of genetic information

A

half

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17
Q

What is fertilization?

A

joining of male and female haploid gametes to create a diploid ovum

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18
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in gametogenesis?

A

four, each with a half set of genetic information

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19
Q

Where do testes produce sperm?

A

in seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Which cells produce testosterone in the testes?

A

Leydig (interstitial) cells

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21
Q

Where do interstitial cells lie?

A

in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

What do sertoli cells provide?

A

support for sperm

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23
Q

Testosterone is a s_______ hormone derived from c________.

A

steroid; cholesterol

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24
Q

What is the result of spermatogenesis?

A

many highly specialized, mobile sperm

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25
Q

During spermatogenesis:

A

-undifferentiated diploid spermatogonia turn into haploid spermatozoa

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26
Q

When does spermatogenesis start to occur?

A

puberty

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27
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A

-mitotic proliferation
-meiosis
-packaging

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28
Q

How long does it take spermatogonia to turn into sperm?

A

64 days

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29
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

30 million

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30
Q

Mitotic Proliferation of Sperm

A

-spermatogonium undergoes mitosis and divides into 2 identical spermatogonia
-one of the daughter cells remains in the outer edge of the seminiferous tubule to maintain germ cell line
-the other moves into the lumen to continue dividing into 4 identical primary spermatocytes

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31
Q

Meiosis of Primary Spermatocytes

A

-each of the 4 primary spermatocytes meiotically divides to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes each with 23 doubled chromosomes
-these 8 secondary spermatocytes undergo another meiotic division to make 16 spermatids with 24 chromosomes each

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32
Q

Packaging of Spermatids

A

-the haploid spermatids are packaged into functional spermatozoa

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33
Q

Spermatogenesis involves __ mitotic divisons and __ meiotic divisions

A

2; 2

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34
Q

What is contained in the head of a sperm?

A

-nucleus
-acrosome

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35
Q

Acrosome

A

an enzyme vesicle that caps the tip of the head used to penetrate the ovum

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36
Q

What does the mid-piece of sperm house?

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

What forms the acrosome?

A

the golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

What is the role of the tail in sperm?

A

mobility

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39
Q

What are the 3 functions of sertoli cells?

A
  1. secretes fluid that flushes sperm from tubule into the epididymis
  2. secrete androgen-binding protein
  3. control spermatogenesis action via inhibin
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40
Q

Where is sperm stored and matured?

A

the epididymis

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41
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

-acts in a negative feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion

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42
Q

What hormone controls spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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43
Q

What does FSH act on in males?

A

acts on sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

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44
Q

Which hormone acts on the interstitial cells to regulate testosterone secretion?

A

LH

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45
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates LH and FSH secretion?

A

GnRH

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46
Q

What is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

-tube formed by the convergence of epididymis

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47
Q

Journey of sperm:

A

-seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra

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48
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

-fructose supply for sperm nourishment
-prostaglandin secretion for motility
-precursors for semen clotting

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49
Q

What provides the ‘bulk’ of semen?

A

seminal vesicle

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50
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

-alkaline fluid for vaginal acid neutralization
-triggers sperm clotting

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51
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

A

mucus for lubrication

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52
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

-egg maturation and release
-secondary sex characteristics
-sperm transport in the vagina
-breast development when pregnant

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53
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

-suitable environment for embryo development
-ability to produce milk

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54
Q

Oogenesis is the same as ______________ in males

A

spermatogenesis

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55
Q

Are the steps in oogenesis and spermatogenesis the same?

A

yes

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56
Q

What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A

timing and end result

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57
Q

When does oogenesis begin to occur? How often?

A

-at puberty
-one primary oocyte reaches maturity and is ovulated once a month until menopause

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58
Q

When does the first meiotic oogenesis division occur?

A

just prior to ovulation

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59
Q

When does the second meiotic oogenesis division occur?

A

after fertilization

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60
Q

What are oogonia?

A

undifferentiated germ cells in fetal ovaries

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61
Q

How do oogonia divide?

A

mitosis

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62
Q

By the 5th month of gestation, how many oogonia does the fetus have?

A

6-7 million

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63
Q

When do oogonia complete the first steps of meiotic division?

A

last part of fetal life (not complete meiosis)

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64
Q

How many chromosomes do primary oocytes have?

A

46

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65
Q

What is meiotic arrest?

A

-the state primary oocytes remain in for years in preparation for ovulation

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66
Q

What type of cells surround the primary oocyte?

A

granulosa cells

67
Q

Primary oocyte + granulose cells = __________

A

primordial follicle

68
Q

What are the 2 possible fates of a primordial follicle?

A

A) reach maturity and ovulate
B) degenerate to form scar tissue (atresia)

69
Q

How many primordial follicles reach maturity in a reproductive life?

A

~400

70
Q

What are antral (secondary follicles)

A

-the development of follicles on cyclical basis between puberty and menopause

71
Q

How many oocytes per cycle develop?

A

usually only one, sometimes more

72
Q

What is the form of the oocyte that is ovulated?

A

secondary oocyte

73
Q

Spermatogenesis takes 64 days, how long does oogenesis take?

A

anywhere from 12-50 years (onset of puberty till menopause)

74
Q

Do males ever run out of sperm supply?

A

-usually no
-even post pubertal males can produce millions of sperm each day

75
Q

Do females ever run out of egg supply?

A

-yes
-females are born with an un-renewable egg supply

76
Q

T/F: The four resulting sperm are all equally viable?

A

true

77
Q

T/F: The four resulting ovum are all equally viable?

A

false, each primary oocyte yields only one cytoplasm-rich ovum (the other 3 are cytoplasm-poor polar bodies)

78
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular and luteal

79
Q

How long does the average ovarian cycle last?

A

28 days

80
Q

Follicular Phase

A

maturing follicles

81
Q

Luteal Phase

A

presence of corpus luteum

82
Q

Is the follicular phase the first or last half of the cycle?

A

first

83
Q

What secretes estrogen during the follicular phase?

A

granulosa cells

84
Q

What happens at ~day 14 during follicular phase?

A

-Ovulation; follicle matures and ruptures to release oocyte from the ovary

85
Q

Where does the released oocyte go to possibly be fertilized?

A

oviduct

86
Q

When does the luteal phase start?

A

after ovulation

87
Q

What do the old follicular cells become?

A

the corpus luteum

88
Q

How many days after ovulation does the corpus luteum become functional?

A

4 days

89
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

90
Q

If the ovum is not fertilized what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

it degenerates after 14 days

91
Q

look over major diagram

A
92
Q

What hormone influences estrogen secretion?

A

FSH

93
Q

FSH secretion is inhibited by

A

estrogen

94
Q

Estrogen levels lower/rise as follicular phase proceeds?

A

lowers

95
Q

What hormone rises in follicular phase and triggers ovulation?

A

LH

96
Q

Does the LH surge result due to a positive or negative feed back loop?

A

positive-feedback loop

97
Q

*** slide 61 confirm: What is the role of progesterone during the luteal phase?

A

inhibits FSH and LH release

98
Q

** What causes the corpus luteum to degenerate?

A

low LH

99
Q

The rise of what hormone initiates a new cycle (mature of a new follicle)?

A

FSH

100
Q

Can estrogen alone inhibit LH secretion?

A

no

101
Q

The LH surge is caused by positive feedback of e_______.

A

estrogen

102
Q

The LH surge does what?

A
  1. halts follicular cell estrogen synthesis
  2. reinitiates meiosis (completion of meiosis I)
  3. turns follicular cells into luteal cells
103
Q

What is the dominant feedback loop during the luteal phase?

A

-progesterone negative feedback on GnRH and LH

104
Q

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

A

LH; stimulates ongoing e and p secretion

105
Q

What influences estrogen and progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum?

A

LH

106
Q

Is progesterone or estrogen more abundant during luteal phase?

A

progesterone

107
Q

What characterizes the menstrual phase?

A

-discharge of blood and endometrial debris

108
Q

The 1st day of menstruation signifies what?

A

the start of a new ovarian cycle

109
Q

When is uterine prostaglandin secreted?

A

menstrual phase

110
Q

What does uterine prostaglandin do?

A

-vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels (death of endometrium)
-stimulates mild contractions for flow

111
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A

-repair of the endometrium under influence of estrogen

112
Q

How long does the proliferative phase last?

A

end of menstruation to ovulation

113
Q

What is the secretory/progestational phase?

A

-after ovulation when large amounts of progesterone and estrogen are secreted

114
Q

What does progesterone do to the endometrium?

A

-makes it highly vascularized
-secretes glycogen filled tissue

115
Q

What happens if fertilization and implantation do not occur?

A

corpus luteum degenerates and a new follicular phase and menstrual phase begin

116
Q

What is the optimal site of fertilization?

A

ampulla of oviduct

117
Q

Fertilization must occur within __ hrs after ovulation.

A

24

118
Q

How long can sperm survive?

A

usually 48 hour but up to 5 days in female

119
Q

What does the sperm trigger when it reaches an ovum?

A

a chemical change in the surrounding membrane of the ovum

120
Q

What does the chemical change of the ovum membrane do?

A

makes it impermeable to entry of any more sperm

121
Q

What part of the sperm actually enters the ovum?

A

head

122
Q

How long does it take sperm and egg nuclei to fuse?

A

1 hour

123
Q

What is another name for a fertilized ovum?

A

zygote

124
Q

What triggers the completion of meiosis (II)?

A

fertilization

125
Q

A fertilized ovum divides __________

A

mitotically

126
Q

How long does it take an ovum to become blastocyst

A

1 week

127
Q

What is a blastocyst capable of?

A

implantation

128
Q

What releases the enzymes necessary for implantation?

A

trophoblasts

129
Q

What do implantation enzymes do?

A

digest endometrial tissue and release nutrients from endometrial cells

130
Q

Does the trophoblast develop to become part of the fetus?

A

No, it develops into the fetal portion of the placenta

131
Q

What part of the blastocyst becomes the fetus (inner cell mass or trophoblast)?

A

inner cell mass

132
Q

After the embryo implants do the uterine lining cells regrow?

A

yes

133
Q

What is the organ of exchange between maternal and fetal blood?

A

placenta

134
Q

Do maternal and fetal blood mix?

A

no

135
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry?

A

oxygen and nutrients to fetus

136
Q

What does the umbilical artery carry?

A

waste and low oxygen content to placenta

137
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
-estrogen
-progesterone

138
Q

What does HCG do?

A

-maintains the corpus luteum
-stimulates testosterone secretion in XY embryos

139
Q

What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?

A

-myometrium growth to increase uterine strength
-prepare mammary glands for lactation

140
Q

What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

-suppresses uterine contractions
-cervical mucous plug
-prepare mammary glands

141
Q

When does the placenta take over for the corpus luteum?

A

-last two trimesters

142
Q

What secretes HCG before the placenta takes over?

A

trophoblast

143
Q

How long is human gestational period?

A

~38 weeks

144
Q

What physical changes to mom occur during gestation?

A

-uterine enlargement
-breast enlargement
-blood volume increases by 30%
-weight gain
-respiratory activity increases by 20%
-increased urinary output

145
Q

What is required for parturition?

A

-cervical dilation
-collagen fibre breakdown
-relaxin secretion
-contractions

146
Q

What 3 hormones are important for parturition?

A

-oxytocin
-estrogen
-DHEA

147
Q

What hormone is released into fetal circulation by the placenta to increase estrogen production?

A

CRH

148
Q

What is the role of estrogen during parturition?

A

-increased oxytocin receptors
-increased gap junctions for coordinated contractions

149
Q

What 2 hormones contribute to cervical softening?

A

relaxin and prostaglandins

150
Q

What hormone acts in a positive feedback fashion to increase uterine contractions?

A

oxytocin

151
Q

What stimulates oxytocin secretion?

A

pressure of fetus against cervix

152
Q

What hormones inhibit prolactin during gestation?

A

estrogen and progesterone

153
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production by alveolar epithelial cells

154
Q

What initiates lactation?

A

withdrawal of e and p at parturition

155
Q

Is prolactin a tropic hormone?

A

no

156
Q

What mechanism sustains lactation?

A

suckling

157
Q

What does suckling trigger the release of?

A

oxytocin and prolactin

158
Q

Role of oxytocin on lactation:

A

squeezes secreted milk through ducts

159
Q

Role of prolactin on lactation:

A

stimulates secretion of more milk to replace ejected milk

160
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by ______ cells

A

myoepithelial (surround alveoli)

161
Q

Prolactin is secreted by _______ cells

A

alveolar epithelial

162
Q

Oxytocin is released by the ______ pituitary

A

posterior

163
Q

Prolactin is released by the ______ pituitary

A

anterior

164
Q

What hypothalamic hormones control prolactin secretion?

A

-prolactin releasing and inhibiting hormones (PRH or PIH)

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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