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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 10 - Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Vascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Circulatory System

A

the heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

Affects of the Circulatory system

A

a) endocrine system: hormones such as epinephrine increase HR
b) nervous system: role in increasing/decreasing HR
c) kidneys: filter blood, regulate water levels and BP

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3
Q

Blood Flow Characteristics

A

-constantly reconditioned
-composition remains relatively constant

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4
Q

Reconditioning Organ Role

A

-receive more blood than needed for metabolic needs
-adjust extra blood to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Reconditioning Organs

A

digestive organs, kidneys, skin

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6
Q

Adjusting Blood Flow

A

-blood flow to organs is adjusted according to metabolic needs
-ie. the ANS controls: exercise means blood flow is increased to skeletal muscles whereas during relaxation blood flow is increased to GI organs

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7
Q

Which organ can’t tolerate a disrupted blood supply?

A

the brain must have constant blood supply to maintain functions

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8
Q

Distribution of Cardiac Output at REST

A

-almost half (41%) is directed to reconditioning organs (digestive system and kidneys)
-13% to brain
-15% to skeletal muscles which don’t need lots of blood at rest

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9
Q

Cardiac Output

A

-equal to the stroke volume x heart rate
-ie. 70 x 70 = 5L/min at rest

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10
Q

What does blood flow depend on?

A

pressure and resistance in the vascular system

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11
Q

Blood Flow Definition

A

-the volume of blood passing through a vessel per unit of time

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12
Q

Blood Flow Equation

A

F (flow) = ΔP (pressure)/R (resistance)

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13
Q

Pressure Gradient (ΔP)

A

-the pressure difference between the beginning and end of a vessel

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14
Q

Gradient of Blood Flow

A

-blood flows from an area of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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15
Q

Resistance (R)

A

-the measure of opposition/friction of blood flow through a vessel

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16
Q

Resistance depends on…

A

a) blood viscosity: how thick the blood is
b) vessel length: how long the tube is
c) vessel radius: how wide/narrow the vessel is

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17
Q

Pressure/Flow Relationship

A

-a directly proportional relationship
-if you increase pressure you increase flow

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18
Q

Remember when calculating Flow…

A

-ΔP is the difference in the pressure between the beginning and end of a vessel
-ie. 50mmHg - 10mmHg = 40mmHg

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19
Q

What changes in blood vessels?

A

-Blood vessel length does NOT change
-blood vessel diameter does change

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20
Q

Changing vessel diameter

A

via smooth muscle cells in the vessel walls arranged in a circular pattern that are initiated by the ANS to control vasoconstriction/dilation

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21
Q

Blood Viscosity

A

-the friction between molecules of a flowing fluid
-increase friction, increase viscosity
-determined by the number of RBCs

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22
Q

Vessel length vs. resistance

A

the longer the vessel the greater the resistance (length is constant)

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23
Q

Vessel radius vs. resistance

A

-radius is the major variable
-smaller the vessel the greater the resistance
-resistance (R) is proportional to 1/r⁴ (radius)
-ie. doubling radius decreased R by 16x and increases flow by 16x
-small changes on radius (r) give big changes in resistance (R)

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24
Q

Where is resistance highest?

A

Arterioles

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25
Q

Pressure (P)

A

-the force exerted
-measured in mmHg

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26
Q

Flow (F)

A

-the volume moved
-measured in mL/min

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27
Q

Resistance (R)

A

-how difficult it is for blood to flow between any to points at a given pressure difference

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28
Q

Equation that relates PFR

A

F = ΔP/R or ΔP = F x R

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29
Q

Grouping Vessels

A

-vessels are defined by their anatomy not their oxygen content

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30
Q

Veins

A

-bring blood to heart
-formed when venules merge
-ie. vena cava (brings blood from extremities to heart) or pulmonary vein (brings blood from the lungs back to the heart)

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31
Q

Arteries

A

-take blood away from the heart
-ie. aorta (brings blood from heart to rest of body) or pulmonary artery (brings blood from heart to lungs)

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32
Q

What variables does the body control?

A

-controls flow and resistance which together control pressure

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33
Q

Arterioles

A

-smaller branches of arteries

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34
Q

Capillaries

A

-smaller branches of arterioles
-where exchanges are made with surrounding cells

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35
Q

Venules

A

-formed when capillaries rejoin
-return blood to the heart

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36
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

-provides blood supply to organs and tissues
-between heart and organ systems

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37
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

-provides blood supply to lungs to be reconditioned
-between heart and lungs

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38
Q

Artery Functions

A

1) passageway for blood from heart to organs
2) act as a pressure reservoir to provide the driving force when the heart is relaxing

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39
Q

Artery Resistance

A

-arteries have a large radius and therefore offer little resistance to blood flow

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40
Q

Arterial Connective Tissue

A

contains collagen and elastin

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41
Q

Collagen Fibres

A

-provide tensile strength
-tough
-stretch resistant
-prevent overstretching

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42
Q

Elastin Fibres

A

-provide elasticity to arterial walls
-stretchy
-recoil - returns to original size

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43
Q

Arteries as Pressure Reservoir: Contracting and emptying (systole)

A

-stretch to act as a minor storage reservoir
-inflated balloon
-blood can’t go to tissues

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44
Q

Arteries as Pressure Reservoir: Relaxing and filling (diastole)

A

-recoil to squeeze blood out
-deflated balloon
-blood reaches the tissues

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45
Q

Is the reservoir a muscular property?

A

NO! it is an elastic property

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46
Q

Pulse

A

the pulsating feeling provided when arteries stretch and recoil as blood is pumped through them

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47
Q

Blood Pressure

A

-the force exerted by blood against a vessel
-fluid moves from an area of high to low pressure
-supplies tissues

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48
Q

Dependants of BP

A

BP depends on: a) volume of blood b) compliance of vessel walls

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49
Q

Compliance

A

-equal to Δvolume/Δpressure
-the higher the compliance the easier it can be stretched

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50
Q

Are arteries or veins more compliant?

A

Veins

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51
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

-peak pressure exerted by ejected blood against vessel walls during systole
~ 120 mmHg

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52
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

-minimum pressure in arteries when blood is draining off into vessels
~ 80 mmHg

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53
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

-used to indirectly measure BP

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54
Q

Korotkoff Sounds

A

-heard when determining BP
-sounds associated with valve closure

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55
Q

Pulse pressure

A

-difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
-ie. BP is 120/80 so pulse pressure is 120mmHg-80mmHg=40mmHg
-the pulse that is felt through skin is due to pulse pressure

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56
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

-the average pressure driving blood forward into tissuess

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57
Q

MAP formula

A

-MAP = diastolic pressure + ⅓ pulse pressure
-ie. At 120/80: 80mmHg + ⅓40mmHg = 93mmHg
-ΔP=MAP

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58
Q

Arteriole Properties

A

-where most of the resistance to blood flow occurs in the body
-exist within organs

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59
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

-narrowing of a vessel via muscle cells
-increased resistance and decreased flow
-a muscular property of vessels involving the contraction of smooth muscle cells

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60
Q

Vasodilation

A

-widening of diameter of a vessel
-leads to decreased resistance and increased flow
-a muscular property of vessels involving the relaxation of smooth muscle cells

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61
Q

Causes of Vasoconstriction

A

-increased myogenic activity
-increased oxygen
-decreased carbon dioxide
-increased endothelin
-increased sympathetic stimulation
-increased sympathetic stimulation
-cold temperatures

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62
Q

Vasodilation Causes

A

-decreased myogenic activity
-decreased oxygen
-increased CO2
-increased nitric oxide
-decreased sympathetic stimulation
-histamine release
-hot temperatures

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63
Q

Where does vasoconstriction not occur?

A

in the brain

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64
Q

Myogenic Activity

A

-a property of muscles
-they respond to stretch with constriction

65
Q

Endothelin

A

-released from endothelium cells

66
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

-from endothelial cells
-chemicals
-acts on muscles causing them to relax

67
Q

Histamine

A

-released during an allergic reaction

68
Q

Vascular Tone

A

-the activity of smooth muscle cells
-smooth muscle displays a state of partial constriction

69
Q

Factors Responsible for Vascular Tone

A

-myogenic activity of smooth muscle
-sympathetic fibres continually releasing norepinephrine

70
Q

Blood Flow Changes to Organs

A

-Branching vessels can have branches constrict to direct blood flow to specific areas

71
Q

Increasing Flow to a Tissue

A

-increase pressure
-vasodilate to decrease resistance

72
Q

Distribution of Cardiac Output During Moderate Exercise

A

-increase in blood flow to: skeletal muscle, skin, heart
-decrease in blood flow to: GI organs, kidneys, bone
-no change: brain

73
Q

Intrinsic Factors to adjust organ blood flow

A

-occur within the organ
-local environment around the arteriole

74
Q

Extrinsic factors to adjust organ blood flow

A

-occur outside the organ
-nerve inputs
-hormones

75
Q

Local Chemical Influences on Arteriolar Radius

A

-local metabolic changes (ie. O2 and CO2)
-histamine release

76
Q

Local Physical Influences on Arteriolar Radius

A

-local heat/cold application
-chemical response to stress
-myogenic response to stretch (contraction)

77
Q

Active Hyperemia

A

-increase in metabolic activity to increase local blood flow

78
Q

Local Chemical Factors that Produce Relaxation of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle

A

-decreased oxygen
-increases CO2
-increased lactic acid (pH)
-increased potassium (action potentials)
-increased osmolarity
-adenosine release
-prostaglandin release

79
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

-a vasoactive mediator
-release chemical mediators that regulate vasoconstriction/dilation
-release chemical messengers in response to environmental changes
-participate in material exchange
-determine capillary permeability by contracting to vary pore size

80
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

-a vasoactive mediator
-cause relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
-controls blood flow through tissues
-maintains MAP

81
Q

Extrinsic Control (arteriole extrinsic factors)

A

-accomplished by sympathetic nerve influence and some hormones

82
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

A

-the force required to maintain blood flow throughout venous system
-when entire circulation is considered
-MAP=COxTPR

83
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-a neurotransmitter that attaches to alpha and beta receptor sites to influence smooth muscle
-influence TPR
-an extrinsic sympathetic control mechanism

84
Q

Local Controls on TPR

A

-override sympathetic vasoconstriction to direct blood to necessary areas
-an extrinsic sympathetic control mechanism

85
Q

Do arterioles have parasympathetic innervation?

A

-no
-the ANS doesn’t always work in opposition

86
Q

Cardiovascular Control Centre

A

-in medulla
-integrating center for BP regulation

87
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

-hormones that influence arteriolar radius
-result from sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla

88
Q

Vasopressin and Angiotensin II (extrinsic control)

A

-hormones that influence arteriolar radius
-important in controlling fluid balance
-vasoconstrictor effect

89
Q

A1 Recptors

A

-receive norepi and epi
-located on all arteriolar smooth muscle except in the brain
-result in vasoconstriction

90
Q

B2 Receptors

A

-receive epi
-located on arteriolar smooth muscle in heart and skeletal muscles
-result in vasodilation

91
Q

Summary: What affects TPR?

A

-blood viscosity (# of RBCs)
-Arteriolar Radius: Influenced by Local/Intrinsic (hot and cold temps, stress response, myogenic response, histamine release, metabolic changes) and Extrinsic (sympathetic activity, hormones) Factors

92
Q

Capillaries

A

-single layer of endothelial cells
-as wide as a single RBC
-the smallest blood vessels
-thin walled to allow diffusion of gases between blood and tissue cells
-extensively branched

93
Q

Blood Flow Through Capillaries

A

-relatively slow
-provides adequate exchange time

94
Q

Easing Diffusion

A

-RBCs packed together combined with the tin walls of capillaries reduce diffusion distance
-increased surface allows more diffusion sites

95
Q

Pores

A

-narrow, water filled gaps that lie at junctions between cells
-size of the pores varies from organ to organ

96
Q

Do capillaries have a pulse?

A

-no, blood just flows through them

97
Q

Capillary Wall Permeability

A

-selectively permeable
-made of a lipid bilayer

98
Q

Water Soluble Substances

A

-Na+, K+, Amino Acids, H20
-follow a concentration gradient
-pass through the pores

99
Q

Lipid Soluble Substances

A

-readily pass through endothelial cells by dissolving in lipid bilayer barrier
-oxygen and carbon dioxide

100
Q

Proteins

A

-pass by vesicular transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
-plasma proteins don’t pass because the capillary wall is a barrier to them

101
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

-skin, muscle, brain (BBB)
-common kind have tight junctions
-smaller gaps

102
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

-more permeable
-intestines, hormone producing tissues, kidneys

103
Q

Sinusoidal Capillary

A

-have an incomplete basement membrane
-liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues
-big gaps
-can be quite leaky

104
Q

Active Hyperemia

A

-when arterioles dilate because of surrounding cell activity

105
Q

Passive Exchanges

A

-no ATP energy is spent

106
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

-diffusion down concentration gradients of materials between blood and interstitial fluid
-plasma proteins cannot pass

107
Q

Bulk Flow (SLIDE 89 DIAGRAM)

A

-the movement of fluid from blood to interstitial fluid and back again
-moves by pores
-functions to distribute ECF (fluid volume), not metabolic exchange
-balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure
-keeps blood flow constant
-controls BP in the long term

108
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

-fluid movement from plasma to interstitial fluid
-usually at the arteriole end
-needs to be higher than reabsorption

109
Q

Reabsorbtion

A

-fluid movement from interstitial fluid to plasma
-usually on the venule end
-needs to be lower than ultrafiltration

110
Q

Extracellular Fluid Composition

A

-made of plasma, blood, interstitial fluid

111
Q

Starling Forces

A

-control the net flow of fluid
-influences bulk flow

112
Q

Hydrostatic (Capillary Blood) Pressure

A

-the force of fluid on the inside of the capillary tube
-moves from the direction of inward to outward from the centre towards the walls
-net pressure decreases along the length of capillary (it varies)

113
Q

Plasma-colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

-pressure draws fluid towards plasma proteins
-mostly created by plasma proteins
-doesn’t vary from one end to the other like hydrostatic pressure

114
Q

What is bulk flow dependent on?

A

-net hydrostatic pressure
-net colloid osmotic pressure

115
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

-confined to plasma
-made by the liver

116
Q

Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressure of ISF

A

-so small that they don’t really matter
- ~0-1 mmHg

117
Q

Net exchange pressure equation

A

NEP = outward - inward

118
Q

Distribution of Pressure Along the Capillary

A

-inward pressure remains constant
-outward pressure decreases along the capillary length

119
Q

Transition Point

A

-in the middle of the capillary
-equal pressure

120
Q

Bulk Flow and BP

A

-if BP falls, fluid moves into the plasma
-if BP rises, fluid moves into interstitial space resulting in edema

121
Q

Daily Blood Flow

A

-7200L/day
-20 L filtered
-17 L reabsorbed
-3 L to lymph vessels

122
Q

Lymphatic System

A

-extensive network of one-way vessels
-route where fluid is returned from ISF to blood

123
Q

Lymph

A

-ISF that enters a lymphatic vessel

124
Q

Initial Lymphatics

A

-small
-blind ended
-terminal lymph vessels
-permeate almost every tissue of the body

125
Q

Lymph Vessels

A

-formed from convergence of initial lymphatics
-eventually empty into venous system near where blood enters R atrium

126
Q

One-way Valves

A

-spaced at intervals
-direct flow of lymph toward venous outlet in chest

127
Q

Lymph Entrance

A

-overlapping endothelial cells
-pressure on the outside of the vessel pushes the free edge inward to allow fluid to enter

128
Q

Edema

A

-can be blood or lymphatic vessels
-fluid gathers faster than it can be drained
-causes: reduced conc. of plasma proteins, increased permeability of capillary wall, increased venous pressure, blockage of lymph vessels

129
Q

Histamine

A

-allows the gaps to increase and let fluid leave easier

130
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

-return excess filtered fluid
-defence against disease
-transport reabsorbed fat
-return of filtered protein

131
Q

Phagocytes

A

-lymph nodes have phagocytes which destroy bacteria filtered from ISF

132
Q

Vein Size

A

-quite large
-house about 2/3 of the blood volume at one time

133
Q

Venous System

A

-transports blood back to the heart
-where capillaries drain

134
Q

Veins

A

-large radius
-little resistance to blood flow
-serve as a blood reservoir

135
Q

Blood Reservoir

A

-blood doesn’t settle/remain static in veins
-the blood simply moves more slowly due to vasodilation

136
Q

Venous Return and Cardiac Output

A

-increasing venous return will __ cardiac output
-decreasing venous return will __ cardiac output

137
Q

Vein Composition

A

-walls are thinner than arteries
-walls appear collapsed in histological slides
-have little smooth muscle
-little elasticity (more collagen than elastin)
-highly distensible (able to expand)

138
Q

Capacitance Vessels

A

-act as blood reservoirs
-change blood volume

139
Q

Factors that Enhance Venous Return

A

-driving pressure from cardiac contraction
-sympathetically induced vasoconstriction
-skeletal muscle activity
-valves
-respiratory activity
-cardiac suction

140
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

-increased stretch will increase contraction force

141
Q

How does skeletal muscle activity affect venous return?

A

-veins pass between skeletal muscles
-when muscles squeeze they reduce the vein radius and create a point of constriction (turkey baster)
-fluid tries to move in both directions, valves ensure there is no back flow

142
Q

Blood Pressure Regulation

A

-monitored and regulated by body systems
-ensures adequate blood flow through capillaries
-requires an adequate pressure difference (not too little/too much)

143
Q

Effects of Increased BP

A

-eye damage
-atherosclerosis
-kidney damage
-damage to vessels and tissues

144
Q

Primary Determinants of BP

A

-cardiac output
-total peripheral resistance

145
Q

Homeostatic Control System

A

-regulates BP
-detects changes and adjusts body mechanisms to maintain the ‘set point’

146
Q

Baroreceptors

A

-arterial pressure sensors
-measure BP by detecting pressure change
-detect changes in artery stretch due to pressure
-located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

147
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

-sends info to the brain which decides on mechanisms of change
-increased BP: increases volume of action potentials
-decreased BP: decreases the volume of action potentials

148
Q

Medulla

A

-recieves baroreceptor info

149
Q

Effect of Parasympathetic NS on Heart Function

A

-vagus nerves release acetylcholine
-AcH binds to receptors to decrease heart rate
-doesn’t affect TPR

150
Q

Effect of Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters

A

-bind to receptors that alter the rate of the SA and AV node
-does not alter contraction strength

151
Q

Effect of Sympathetic NS on Heart Function

A

-thoracic spinal nerves release norepinephrine and epinephrine
-the NTs bind to B1 receptors and increase heart rate AND THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION
-regulates arteriolar (TPR) and venular (CO) diameter

152
Q

Adrenoreceptors

A

-activate smooth muscle
-sympathetic NS
-more NE = constricted
-less NE = dilated

153
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation on MAP

A

-decreased heart rate
-decreased cardiac output
-decreases blood pressure

154
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation on MAP (Heart Route)

A

-increased heart rate
-increased contraction strength (leads to increased stroke volume)
-both will increase cardiac output
-increases blood pressure

155
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation on MAP (Arteriole Route)

A

-increased vasoconstriction
-increased TPR
-increases blood pressure

156
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation on MAP (Vein Route)

A

-increased vasoconstriction
-increased venous return
-increased stroke volume
-increased cardiac output
-increases blood pressure

157
Q

Extensive BP Deviation

A

-baroreceptors set a “set-point” blood pressure that is considered the landmark/normal
-if pressure is changed for an extensive period of time, more than a few days, this will become the new set point

158
Q

Total Blood Volume

A

-a long term control of BP
-regulated by restoring water and salt balance

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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