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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 11 - The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Functions

A

-transport of O2, waste, heat, etc.
-defense
-hemostasis

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2
Q

Blood Statistics

A

-8% of body weight is blood
-blood makes up 25% of ECF

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-red blood cells
-majority of blood cells (99%)
-transport oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide
-biconcave disks with large surface area to volume ratio
-flexible
-fit the diameter of capillaries to reduce diffusion distance

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4
Q

Erythrocyte Internal Anatomy

A

-have no nucleus, mitochondria, or other organelles
-have no DNA or RNA meaning they canโ€™t divide and have a finite lifespan

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5
Q

Glycolytic Enzymes (RBC Enzyme in Cytoplasm)

A

-anaerobic respiration for ATP

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6
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase (RBC Enzyme in Cytoplasm)

A

-critical in COโ‚‚ transport

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7
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-binds oxygen and carbon dioxide to RBCs
-found only in RBCs
-has pigment that contains iron
-appears red when oxygenated
-appears blue when deoxygenated

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8
Q

Globin Portion (of hemoglobin)

A

-proteins composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains

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9
Q

Heme groups (of hemoglobin)

A

-4 iron groups per Hb molecule
-each is bound to one of the polypeptides
-where oxygen binds

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10
Q

Other molecules Hb binds with

A

-CO2 and H+ (not on heme group)
-CO and nitric oxide (vasodilation)

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11
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

-can be dangerous because CO doesnโ€™t remove from heme and uses up oxygen binding sites

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blood cells
-immune systems defence units

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13
Q

Thrombocytes

A

-platelets
-cell fragments
-important in hemostasis (clotting)

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14
Q

Plasma

A

-makes up 55% of whole blood
-fluid portion of blood
-92% water and 7% proteins
-1% organic molecules, ions, vitamins

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15
Q

Haematocrit

A

-packed cell volume
-99% of haematocrit is RBCs

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16
Q

Buffy Coat

A

-platelets and leukocytes

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17
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

-remain in the blood
-made in the liver

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18
Q

Albumins (Plasma proteins)

A

-most abundant (60%)
-transports many substances such as fats, bilirubin (yellow pigment made during breakdown of RBC), drugs

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19
Q

Globulins (Plasma proteins)

A

-๐›‚ (alpha), ฮฒ (beta), ๐›พ (gamma)
-๐›‚ and ฮฒ used for: transporting hormones + cholesterol, blood clotting proteins
-๐›พ are immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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20
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

-globulin hormone produced in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, brain, heart
-cause vasoconstriction and regulate BP
-inactive form

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21
Q

Gammaglobulins

A

-not produced in the liver
-antibodies
-protect body from toxins, bacteria, viruses, etc.

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22
Q

Fibrinogen (Plasma proteins)

A

-forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

-erythrocyte production
-occurs in red bone marrow
-stem cell in red bone marrow differentiate into different types of blood cells
-cells replaced at 2-3million cells/second

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24
Q

How long do RBCs survive?

A

-about 120 days

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25
Intrauterine Erythropoiesis
-first by yolk sac in the embryo -then liver and spleen when developing -then bone marrow when developed
26
Childhood Erythropoiesis
-most bones have red bone marrow
27
Adult Erythropoiesis
-only sternum, ribs, upper ends of long bones
28
Negative Feedback Erythropoiesis Control
-kidneys detect reduced Oโ‚‚ carrying capacity in blood -kidneys secrete erythropoietin (EPO) hormone -erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by bone marrow -blood Oโ‚‚ carrying capacity increases -stimulus is relieved
29
EPO Doping
-blood doping -increased RBC count -increased Oโ‚‚ carrying capacity
30
Effects of increased RBC levels
-blood viscosity increases -TPR increases and can lead to heart damage -blood clotting issues
31
Cells Becoming RBCs
-increase in numbers/production -maturation: loss of nucleus, organelles, gain Hb
32
Blood Types
-active immunity -ABO blood types: named for surface antigens
33
Type A Blood
-contains A antigens -anti-B antibodies -can accept type A or type O blood
34
Type B Blood
-contains B antigens -has anti-A antibodies -can accept type B or type O blood
35
Type AB Blood
-has both A and B antigens -universal recipient: can accept all blood types -no ABO antibodies
36
Type O Blood
-neither A nor B antigens -universal donor -can only accept O blood -has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
37
Antibody
-binds with the specific antigen against which it is produced -in plasma?
38
Agglutination
-clumping of particles together -ie. if A accepts B, the B antibodies will attack the B antigen blood cells
39
Transfusion Reaction
-when blood of incompatible type is given -most dangerous is AB in plasma for incoming donor RBCs
40
Rh(esus) Factor
-people who have the Rh factor have Rh+ blood -people lacking the Rh factor have Rh- blood
41
Rh Antibodies
-no natural antibodies against Rh factor -anti-Rh antibodies are produced by Rh- people if exposed to Rh+ blood
42
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn) HDN
-Rh- mother develops antibodies against RBCs of Rh+ fetus -prevented by giving Rh- mother Rh immunoglobulin
43
Iron
-recycled for the synthesis of new Hb -iron is transported bound to transferrin to red bone marrow -iron is stored bound to ferritin in the liver, spleen, small intestine
44
Cross-matched Blood
-mix donor RBCs with plasma of recipient
45
Role of the Spleen
-removes most of old erythrocytes from circulation -1% of total/day -macrophages filter blood and phagocytize old RBCs
46
Bilirubin
-what hemoglobin broken down is converted into -iron is removed and recycled -yellow in colour
47
Anaemia
-below normal oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
48
Nutritional Anaemia
-iron deficiency in diet
49
Pernicious Anaemia
-vitamin B12 deficiency (required for folic acid which makes DNA, RNA, proteins) -dietary -lack of intrinsic factor from stomach lining
50
Intrinsic Factor
-crucial role in transportation and absorption of B12 in stomach
51
Aplastic Anaemia
-insufficient RBC production -cells don't have appropriate quantity and function -can result from destruction on bone marrow from radiation and chemo
52
Renal Anaemia
-kidney disease and failure
53
Hemorrhagic Anaemia
-wound -menstrual flow
54
Hemolytic Anaemia
-rupture of RBCs -malaria -sickle cell disease
55
Sickle Cell Disease
-fragile RBCs -destruction of deformed cells (unable to move around good) -production unable to keep up with removal -makes you tired because you receive less O2 -genetic disease
56
Primary Polycythaemia
-erythropoiesis at an excessive and uncontrolled rate -viscosity of blood increases
57
Secondary Polycythaemia
-adaptive mechanism (not a disease state) -results from reduced oxygen -can be from high altitude, chronic lung disease, heart failure
58
Normal Hematocrit Volume
-45% hematocrit -55% plasma
59
Anaemia Hematocrit Volume
-hematocrit lowered to 30% -plasma is 70%
60
Polycythaemia Hematocrit Volume
-hematocrit increased to 70% -plasma is 30%
61
Dehydration Hematocrit
-hematocrit is 70% -however, plasma volume is significantly decreased and RBC count remains
62
Leukocytes
-mobile immune defence units -least concentration of cells in blood
63
Immune System
-made of leukocytes and plasma proteins -recognize and destroy/neutralize foreign materials
64
Leukocyte Functions
-defend against pathogens -identify and destroy cancer cells -remove worn out cells and tissue debris
65
Leukocyte Characteristics
-colourless because they lack hemoglobin -larger than RBCs -have nuclei and granules -5 different types
66
Leukocyte Production
-originate from same cells in red bone marrow -granulocytes and monocytes produced only in bone marrow -most are produced by WBCs already on lymphocyte tissue (tonsils and lymph nodes)
67
Granulocytes
-cytoplasmic granules that contain chemicals in vesicles that could be released -neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils
68
Agranulocytes
-no cytoplasmic granules -monocytes -lymphocytes
69
Leukopoiesis
-chemical messages from damaged or invaded tissues
70
Colony stimulating factors
71
Neutrophils (granulocyte)
-destroy bacteria by phagocytosis -release bacteria-killing chemicals
72
Neutrophil Functions
-first defenders on scene -important for inflammatory responses -clean up debris -increased cell count points to bacterial infection
73
Eosinophils (granulocytes)
-increase in these cells associated with: allergic conditions (asthma + hay fever) & internal parasite infestations
74
Basophils (granulocytes)
-least numerous -poorly understood -similar to mast cells
75
Basophil Functions
-release histamine in allergic reactions -release heparin, an anti-clotting agent, anticoagulant drug
76
Monocytes (agranulocytes)
-phagocytotic -emerge from bone marrow -migrate to tissues and mature to become macrophages -antigen presentation -cytokine production -cytotoxicity -live several months-years
77
Lymphocytes (agranulocytes)
-B cells -T cells -bind to antigens and destroy cells -specifically programmed -live 100-300 days
78
B Lymphocytes
-produce antiBodies -antibody mediated immunity
79
T Lymphocytes
-do not produce antibodies -destroy target cells by releasing chemicals
80
Platelets
-from megakaryocytes -7-8 day lifespan -don't leave blood -1/3 stored in spleen and released by sympathetic splenic contraction -no nuclei, some organelles and enzymes -have granules -important in blood clotting
81
Thrombopoietin
-liver hormone -increased number of megakaryocytes and platelets per cell
82
Platelet Granules
-contain secretory products -ADP -serotonin -epinephrine
83
Hemostasis
-stoppage of bleeding from broken blood vessels
84
Steps in Hemostasis
1. vascular spasm 2. formation of platelet plug 3. blood coagulation
85
Vascular Spasm
-results from damage to blood vessel -damaged tissue secretions cause contraction (minimize blood loss) -endothelial layer becomes sticky to aid clotting
86
Formation of a Platelet Plug
-platelets activated by exposed collagen (extracellular protein) in damaged vessel wall -aggregation: platelets release ADP causing other platelets to become sticky
87
Thromboxane A2
-synthesized from platelets stimulates further aggregation
88
Platelet Plug Function
-decreases blood loss -maintains BP -important for blood clot production
89
Blood Coagulation (clotting)
-blood converted to clot/thrombus -occurs around platelet plug -can take place in absence of all cells except platelets
90
Clot Formation
-reinforced platelet plug -creates non-flowing gel
91
Clotting Factors
-always present in plasma in inactive form -activated in a cascade
92
Clotting Cascade
-12 plasma proteins produced in lover -act as enzyme co-factors -series of steps -final conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin mesh -intrinsic/extrinsic pathway
93
Thrombin
-converts fibrinogen to fibrin -bound to fibrin to prevent systemic clotting -unbound thrombin is inactivated
94
Intrinsic Pathway
-all compounds exist in plasma -seven steps -Hageman factor (XII) activated by contact with exposed collagen or foreign surface
95
Extrinsic Pathway
-compounds exist in tissues (outside of blood - muscle/liver) -only 4 steps -tissue thromboplastin is released from traumatized tissue and activates factor X
96
Clot Retraction
-contraction of platelets shrinks fibrin mesh -squeezing fluid from clot to get rid of it
97
Clot Dissolution
-enzyme plasmin dissolves clot -plasmin is formed from plasminogen which breaks down the fibrin meshwork -gets rid of clot
98
Thrombus
-abnormal clot attached to vessel wall -can occlude the vessel -fatal heart attacks
99
Emboli
-freely floating clots -can suddenly block blood flow -can cause strokes and prevent oxygen to tissues
100
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
-associated with atherosclerosis -can cause thromboembolism
101
Impaired Liver Function
-reduces protein production (clotting factors) -can cause clot formation disorders
102
Vitamin K Deficiencies
-decreased synthesis of clotting factors -clot formation disorders
103
Hemophilia
-lack of clotting factors -results in excessive bleeding

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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