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Botany > Chapter 6 - Stems > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Stems Flashcards

1
Q

STEMS:
Axillary buds are on the sides of the stem whereas __________ are at the tips/ends

A

Terminal buds

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2
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
*Outermost tissue
*Single layer of compact parenchyma
* Covered with waxy cuticle
* Cell walls highly silicified
* Trichomes absent
* Stomata present in low number
* Layer persists for life of plants

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Function: protection, conserve water, and gas exchange

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
*Just below epidermis
*Made of several layers of sclerenchyma
*Chlorenchyna present in some plants

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Function: support, protection, and photosynthesis

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
*Below hypodermis
*_______ not differentiated
*Composed of cortex ONLY
*Made of large, loose parenchyma cells

A

Ground tissue

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7
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Function: food storage & support

A

Ground tissue

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8
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Describe vascular tissues/bundles

A

*Arranged in bundles
*VB are numerous and scattered in ground tissues
*Larger near the middle and smaller near the edge
*VB are conjoint, collateral, and closed
*Lack cambium (closed) - no secondary growth

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9
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Vascular element: two large vessels. Typically on the inside of VB

A

Xylem

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10
Q

STEM MONOCOTS:
Vascular element: only sieve tubes and companion cells. Typically on the outside of VB

A

Phloem

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11
Q

STEM DICOTS:
 Layer of compact parenchyma w/ thick cuticle
 Trichomes & stomate present
 Herbaceous spp – EPI lasts life of plant
 Woody spp – EPI replaced by periderm
 Functions: like monocots, trichomes give extra protection

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

STEM DICOTS:
What are the 4 cortex zones?

A

~Hypodermis
~Outer cortex
~Inner cortex
~Endodermis

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13
Q

STEM DICOTS:
What is located below the epidermis?

A

The cortex

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14
Q

STEM DICOTS:
o Thin, compact layer just below epi
o Collenchyma with thick primary walls at the corners
o Chloroplasts usually absent
o Function: mechanical support

A

Hypodermis (80% sure its the cortex)

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15
Q

STEM DICOTS:
o Loosely packed chlorenchyma cells
o Function: photosynthesis

A

Outer Cortex

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16
Q

STEM DICOTS:
o Loosely packed parenchyma
o Function: carb storage

A

Inner Cortex

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17
Q

STEM DICOTS:
o Innermost layer of cortex
o Thin layer of compact parenchyma
o Usually indistinct
o Cell walls with Casparian strips
o High concentration of amyloplasts
o Function: carb storage, water flow contract (?)

A

Endodermis

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18
Q

STEM DICOTS:
What is the central cylinder of vascular tissue?

A

The Stele

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19
Q

STEM DICOTS:
What are the 4 Stele categories/parts?

A

~Pericycle
~Vascular Bundle
~Medullary Rays
~Pith

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20
Q

STEM DICOTS:
Part of the Stele
 Layer several cells thick
 Parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma

A

Pericycle

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21
Q

STEM DICOTS:
 ___ are fewer & arranged in a ring
 open (woody only. Herbaceous are closed), conjoint, usually collateral
 Xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside
 x/p separate by cambium (woody)
 Cambium for secondary growth

A

Vascular Bundles

22
Q

STEM DICOTS:
Part of the Stele
 Layer of parenchyma between VB
 Cells elongated radially (laterally but its circular)

A

Medullary Rays

23
Q

STEM DICOTS:
 Tissue in center of stem
 Loosely packed parenchyma
 Function: food storage

24
Q

STEMS:
*Describes growth in length of stems
*Stem apical meristem
*Give rise to all above ground organs
*Dense mass of cells at stem tips
*Protected by bud scales & leaf primordia (first order/step)
*SAM & scales & primordia called “bud”
*Bud dormant until growing season

A

Stem Growth - Primary

25
3 Primary Meristems?
* Protoderm (produces epidermis) * Ground meristem (produces ground tissue: pith & cortex) * Procambium (produces primary xylem & phloem)
26
STEMS: What is the first recognizable development stage
Primordia
27
What are tiny baby leaves called?
Leaf Primordium
28
What does bud primordium produce?
axillary buds
29
Elongation of stems from apical meristems
Primary stem growth
30
Tunica (2) layer names
Epidermal & subepidermal
31
What does the corpus give rise to?
endodermis, vascular tissue, pith, and pericycle
32
STEMS: Where are intercalary meristems located?
Base of each internode (internodes are like a section of bamboo. nodes are the bumps)
33
Are intercalary meristems monocot or dicots?
Monocots
34
Why is it good for intercalary meristems to grow from the bottom?
Herbivores, fire, and lawn mowers
35
STEMS: Where is secondary stem growth found
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) and Woody dicots
36
What is the lateral meristem also called?
Cambium (vascular cambium)
37
STEMS: What does the vascular cambium form from?
procambium (meristem layer) bundles & cortex cells between bundles
38
What is a conjoint vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem together
39
What is an open vascular bundle?
Able to grow
40
What is a closed vascular bundle?
Cannot grow
41
What gives rise to secondary vascular tissue?
Vascular cambium
42
2 cambium meristem forms?
Fusiform initials and Ray initials
43
Talk about fusiform initials (orientation and production)
o spindle shaped o Oriented vertically o Produce X/P & new cambium cells
44
Talk about ray initials (orientation & production)
o Oriented horizontally o Produce vascular rays
45
What is phellogen?
Cork cambium
46
STEMS:  Forms from permanent tissues  First from cortex walls, then secondary phloem  Gives rise to outer protective layers
cork cambium
47
STEMS: * Cork tissue created outward * Cells dead & infused with suberin
Phellem
48
STEMS: * Living parenchyma created inwards
Phelloderm
49
STEMS: Composed of phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm
Periderm
50
STEMS: Replaces epidermis in secondary growth
Periderm
51
STEMS: What is resins job?
It resists decay and darkens the wood. So the inside is darker and heavier
52
STEMS: Barks outer protective layer
periderm, cortex, and secondary phloem

Botany (6 decks)

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