Chapter 6 - Sport and Gender Relations Flashcards
Critical social theories
Classic sociologists that study and explore stereotypes and racial ideologies
gender ideology
A dominant set of interrelated ideas about masculinity and femininity. Prevailing ‘common sense’ beliefs and codes of behaviour
habitus
The way that men and women ought to look, act/behave, that they come to embody
sex
Classification system that divides men and women based on reproductive capacities / biologically determined features
gender
socially constructed cultural expectations about behaviour, attitudes, appearances, and bodies
institutionalized binary system
Categorizes people as male and female from birth
Transgender (trans)
umbrella term that refers to people whose gender identity does not line up with the sex that was assigned to them at birth
non-binary
individual identifying with neither masculine nor feminine
Cisgender
individuals whose gender identity corresponds with their assigned sex
heteronormativity
privileging of heterosexuality in social institution
R.W Connell explored what sociological concept
social construction of gender relations and the gendered arrangements and patterns of society and social institutions
male privilege and female subordination as a contributor to gender order in social institutions
- upheld by gender ideology that put emphasis on natural differences between men and female
- structured around heteronormativity
- lead woman;n and LGBTQ to push generated boundaries.
masculinizing practice
a crucial structure in establishing and maintaining a traditional gender order
muscular christianity
preparation for war and colonial service
victorian version of masculinity
the battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton - duke wellington
in sport as masculinity practice what attitudes and actions were linked with men
toughness, aggression and power appeared to be a natural habit
hegemonic masculinity
the dominant and idealized form of masculinity that has achieved broad public acceptance and operates as ‘common sense ‘ in general order
through reinforced heterosexuality, aggression and assertiveness as a dominant standard for boys/men. what do these boys/men consensually aspire to?
experience their bodies, and themselves, in forceful, stance-occupying and dominating ways - taught in sport and culturally exalting by sporting
jock insurance
using sport as a key marker of masculinity and as protection from homophobic bullying in school status hierarchies
struggle for women in terms of media coverage
content and amount vastly unequal and declining
sport typing
gendered ideology that promotes certain sports as more appropriate for one sex than the other
sex-specific rules and resources based on physical differences
sports were institutionalized with the ideological message of women being weaker than men and deserved less resources
emphasized femininity
a dominant ideological model of heterosexual womanhood and body types for young girls/women .
consequences of sex testing
segregation and fear of men competing unfairly against women, no test ever caught a man masquerading as a female athlete, hence men were not tested
femininity card
a chromosome tests for women introduced by the IOC
random tests
serves to identify and police athletes who are intersex or have high levels of testosterone
IOC’s stockholm consensus
transgender athletes can compete in their transitioned sex under strict conditions of legal and surgical sex change in a 2 year period
Rule of IOC and transgender individuals
- female to male athletes are eligible to take part in mens competition without restrictions
- male to female athletes will need to demonstrate tat their testosterone level has been below a cutoff point for at least 1 year
U sport policy
athletes are allowed to compete on teams that correspond with their gender category or their assigned sex at birth, as long as they comply with the Canadian anti-doping program
fallon fox
- first trans athlete in MMA history
caster semenya
- experiences hyperandrogegism (excessive testosterone)
2. controversy was enforcing a gender test to be clear as a women
dutee chand
- experienced hyperandrogegism
2. IAAF wanted her to alter her body with drugs and surgery
Harrison Browne
- identifies as a man (female to male)
- first openly trans in professional sport
- NWHL concerns about fair play
feminist movement
during 1960’s and 1970’s there was a huge struggle to promote sport for women and girls, to influence policy and access to coaching
gay games
founded by Dr. Tom Waddell in 1982 in spirit of inclusion
you can play campaign
dedicated to eradicating homophobia in sport
inclusion of Canadian olympic committee’s pride house
a safe space in the olympic village for LGBTQ2 althetes and their supporters
