Chapter 6: Skeletal System Intro Flashcards
What are the 4 components to the skeletal system?
bones
cartilage
ligaments
tendons
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
body support
organ protection
body movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline (most associated with bone)
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
Chondroblasts
cartilage producing cell
Chondrocytes
a mature cartilage cell
lacunae
a space within the matrix of bone or cartilage that is normally occupied by a cell, and that can be visualized only when the cell shrinks away from the matrix
Perichondrium
Double-layered connective tissue sheath surrounding cartilage. Inner layer contains fibroblasts, outer layer contains chondroblasts.
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones within a synovial joint.
Bone matrix
hydroxyapatite
the main mineral of bone and teeth.
collagen function in bone
this component makes the bone less brittle
mineral function in bone
this component makes the bone less bendy
Osteoblasts
Bone building cells. They produce collagen and proteoglycans.
Ossification
The formation of new bone.
Canaliculi
osteocyte cell connections are housed in these long, narrow spaces. This is how nutrients and gases diffuse from cell to cell.
Osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells, which aid in bone reabsorption - the process that mobilizes Ca+ and PO4- for metabolic processes.
stem cells
osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts or chondroblasts
Categories for bones….
woven bone
lameller bone
woven bone
the first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification
lameller bone
mature bone, the layers of which are called lamellae
trabeculae
the interconnecting rods and plates that make up spongy bone.
compact bone
The solid outer layer surrounding each bone. It has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone.
Osteon
Central canal containing blood capillaries and the concentric lamellae around it; occurs in compact bone; also called haversian system.
central canal
The center of the osteon that contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue
concentric lamellae
the rings that surround the central canal within the osteon.
circumferential lamellae
Lamellae covering the surface of and extending around compact bone inside the periosteum.
interstitial lamellae
This lamellae can be found in between osteons where remnants of concentric and circumferential lamellae were partially removed during remodeling.
perforating canal
Canal containing blood vessels and nerves and running through bone perpendicular to the haversian canals; also called Volkmann’s canal.
What are the four shapes of bones?
long
short
flat
irregular
flat bones
spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone
short bones
irregular bones
long bones
diaphysis
The center of long bones, surrounded by compact bone and holding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.
epiphysis
The ends of long bone made mostly of spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.
epiphyseal plate
Site at which bone growth in length occurs; located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone; area of hyaline cartilage where cartilage growth is followed by endochondral ossification; also called metaphysis or growth plate.
epiphyseal line
Dense plate of bone in a bone that is no longer growing, indicating the former site of the epiphyseal plate.
medullary cavity
Large, marrow-filled cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone.
periosteum
Thick, double-layered connective tissue sheath covering the entire surface of a bone, except the articular surface, which is covered with cartilage.
Sharpey’s fibers
The collagen fibers of the tendons or ligaments that penetrate the periosteum into the outer part of the bone. They strengthen the attachment of those tissues to the bone.
endosteum
Membranous lining of the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone.
intramembranous ossification
This type of embryonic bone formation starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes
endochondral ossification
This type of embryonic bone formation starts within a cartilage model.
What are the six ways that fractures are classified?
mechanism
soft-tissue damage
displacement vs. non-displacement
fracture pattern
number of fragments
age-specific
What are the three mechanisms of fracture?
trauma
pathologic
disease
What are the fracture pattern classifications?
linear
spiral
avulsion
stress
compression
hematoma
Localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space; the blood is usually clotted.
callus
A mass of bone tissue that accumulates at a fracture site.
callus ossification
When the cartilage in the callus is replaced by spongy bone
internal
This type of callus forms in between the ends of the broken bone
external
This type of callus forms a collar around the opposing ends of the fracture.
growth hormone
parathyroid hormone
This hormone increases blood calcium levels by exerting direct regulatory control of osteoblasts and osteocytes.
reproductive hormone
what are the three hormones that influence bone growth?
growth hormone
parathyroid hormone
reproductive hormone
How do genetics affect bone growth?
How does nutrition affect bone growth?
Vitamin D
The vitamin that is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium from the intestines
rickets
The disease that is a result of insufficient Vitamin D in children.
osteomalacia
Softening of bones due to calcium depletion; adult rickets.
vitamin C
the vitamin necessary for osteoblasts to form collagen
scurvy
Lack of vitamin C
What three hormones are involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis?
calcitriol
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
Do blood vessels enter the matrix?
No
flat bone
contain an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two plates of compact bone.
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
1) Osteoblast formation
2) Spongy bone formation
3) Compact bone formation
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1) cartilage model formation
2) bone collar formation
3) primary ossification center formation
4) secondary ossification center formation
5) adult bone
calcitriol
This hormone increases blood calcium levels and is a steroid derived from Vitamin D.
calcitonin
This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Fontanel
soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane
