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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 > Chapter 6: Skeletal System Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components to the skeletal system?

A

bones

cartilage

ligaments

tendons

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

body support

organ protection

body movement

mineral storage

blood cell production

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3
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline (most associated with bone)

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

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4
Q

Chondroblasts

A

cartilage producing cell

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5
Q

Chondrocytes

A

a mature cartilage cell

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6
Q

lacunae

A

a space within the matrix of bone or cartilage that is normally occupied by a cell, and that can be visualized only when the cell shrinks away from the matrix

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7
Q

Perichondrium

A

Double-layered connective tissue sheath surrounding cartilage. Inner layer contains fibroblasts, outer layer contains chondroblasts.

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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones within a synovial joint.

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9
Q

Bone matrix

A
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10
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

the main mineral of bone and teeth.

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11
Q

collagen function in bone

A

this component makes the bone less brittle

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12
Q

mineral function in bone

A

this component makes the bone less bendy

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells. They produce collagen and proteoglycans.

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14
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of new bone.

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15
Q

Canaliculi

A

osteocyte cell connections are housed in these long, narrow spaces. This is how nutrients and gases diffuse from cell to cell.

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells, which aid in bone reabsorption - the process that mobilizes Ca+ and PO4- for metabolic processes.

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17
Q

stem cells

A

osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts or chondroblasts

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18
Q

Categories for bones….

A

woven bone

lameller bone

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19
Q

woven bone

A

the first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification

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20
Q

lameller bone

A

mature bone, the layers of which are called lamellae

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21
Q

trabeculae

A

the interconnecting rods and plates that make up spongy bone.

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22
Q

compact bone

A

The solid outer layer surrounding each bone. It has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone.

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23
Q

Osteon

A

Central canal containing blood capillaries and the concentric lamellae around it; occurs in compact bone; also called haversian system.

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24
Q

central canal

A

The center of the osteon that contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

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25
Q

concentric lamellae

A

the rings that surround the central canal within the osteon.

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26
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

Lamellae covering the surface of and extending around compact bone inside the periosteum.

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27
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

This lamellae can be found in between osteons where remnants of concentric and circumferential lamellae were partially removed during remodeling.

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28
Q

perforating canal

A

Canal containing blood vessels and nerves and running through bone perpendicular to the haversian canals; also called Volkmann’s canal.

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29
Q

What are the four shapes of bones?

A

long

short

flat

irregular

30
Q

flat bones

A

spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone

31
Q

short bones

A
32
Q

irregular bones

A
33
Q

long bones

A
34
Q

diaphysis

A

The center of long bones, surrounded by compact bone and holding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.

35
Q

epiphysis

A

The ends of long bone made mostly of spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.

36
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

Site at which bone growth in length occurs; located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone; area of hyaline cartilage where cartilage growth is followed by endochondral ossification; also called metaphysis or growth plate.

37
Q

epiphyseal line

A

Dense plate of bone in a bone that is no longer growing, indicating the former site of the epiphyseal plate.

38
Q

medullary cavity

A

Large, marrow-filled cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone.

39
Q

periosteum

A

Thick, double-layered connective tissue sheath covering the entire surface of a bone, except the articular surface, which is covered with cartilage.

40
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

The collagen fibers of the tendons or ligaments that penetrate the periosteum into the outer part of the bone. They strengthen the attachment of those tissues to the bone.

41
Q

endosteum

A

Membranous lining of the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone.

42
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

This type of embryonic bone formation starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes

43
Q

endochondral ossification

A

This type of embryonic bone formation starts within a cartilage model.

44
Q

What are the six ways that fractures are classified?

A

mechanism

soft-tissue damage

displacement vs. non-displacement

fracture pattern

number of fragments

age-specific

45
Q

What are the three mechanisms of fracture?

A

trauma

pathologic

disease

46
Q

What are the fracture pattern classifications?

A

linear

spiral

avulsion

stress

compression

47
Q

hematoma

A

Localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space; the blood is usually clotted.

48
Q

callus

A

A mass of bone tissue that accumulates at a fracture site.

49
Q

callus ossification

A

When the cartilage in the callus is replaced by spongy bone

50
Q

internal

A

This type of callus forms in between the ends of the broken bone

51
Q

external

A

This type of callus forms a collar around the opposing ends of the fracture.

52
Q

growth hormone

A
53
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

This hormone increases blood calcium levels by exerting direct regulatory control of osteoblasts and osteocytes.

54
Q

reproductive hormone

A
55
Q

what are the three hormones that influence bone growth?

A

growth hormone

parathyroid hormone

reproductive hormone

56
Q

How do genetics affect bone growth?

A
57
Q

How does nutrition affect bone growth?

A
58
Q

Vitamin D

A

The vitamin that is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium from the intestines

59
Q

rickets

A

The disease that is a result of insufficient Vitamin D in children.

60
Q

osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones due to calcium depletion; adult rickets.

61
Q

vitamin C

A

the vitamin necessary for osteoblasts to form collagen

62
Q

scurvy

A

Lack of vitamin C

63
Q

What three hormones are involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

A

calcitriol

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone

64
Q

Do blood vessels enter the matrix?

A

No

65
Q

flat bone

A

contain an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two plates of compact bone.

66
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1) Osteoblast formation

2) Spongy bone formation

3) Compact bone formation

67
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A

1) cartilage model formation

2) bone collar formation

3) primary ossification center formation

4) secondary ossification center formation

5) adult bone

68
Q

calcitriol

A

This hormone increases blood calcium levels and is a steroid derived from Vitamin D.

69
Q

calcitonin

A

This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

70
Q

Fontanel

A

soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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