Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Joints

Question 1

What are the 4 components of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. Bones
2. Cartilages
3. Tendons
4. Ligaments

Question 2

Spongy and compact are two types of it.

Answer 2

Bone

Question 3

Before a bone will form, it will start with this.

Answer 3

Cartilage

Question 4

Bones to muscle

Answer 4

Tendons

Question 5

Bones to bones

Answer 5

Ligament

Question 6

Bones located at the center

Answer 6

Axial skeleton

Question 7

Long bones. Comprises the upper and lower extremities

Answer 7

Appendicular skeleton

Question 8

Skeletal system functions

Answer 8

1. Support - rigid framework of the body
2. Protect - surrounds the vital organs.
3. Movement
4. Storage - store Calcium and Phosphorus (phosphate).
5. Blood cell production - spongy bone produces blood cells.

Question 9

Composition of the extracellular matrix of the bone

Answer 9

1. Collagen
2. Ground substances
3. Water
4. Minerals

Question 10

It is a tough, ropelike protein.

Answer 10

Collagen

Question 11

Are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides (sugar) attaching to and encircling core proteins?

Answer 11

Proteoglycans

Question 12

The extracellular matrix of the cartilage contains this 2. What are these?

Note: This is why it is relatively rigid but springs back to its original shape after beingbent or slightly compressed. Making it an excellent shock absorber.

Answer 12

1. Collagen = makes cartilage tough.
2. Proteoglycan = makes cartilage smooth and resilient

Question 13

The extracellular matrix of the bone contains collagen and minerals, including these 2. What are these?

Answer 13

Calcium and phosphate

Question 14

The ropelike collagen fibers lend _____ strength to the bone.

Answer 14

flexible

Question 15

The mineral component gives bone compression
(________) strength.

Answer 15

weight-bearing

Question 16

Most of the minerals in bone are in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called what?

Answer 16

hydroxyapatite

Question 17

What are the four bone shape classifications?

Answer 17

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones

Question 18

This is a type of bone that is longer than they are wide.

Examples: Upper and lower limb bones

Answer 18

Long bones

Question 19

This is a type of bones that are approximately as wide as they are long.

Examples: Bones of the wrist and ankle.

Answer 19

Short bones

Question 20

This is a type of bones that have a relatively thin and flattened shape.

Examples: Bones of the skull and sternum

Answer 20

Flat bones

Question 21

This is the type of bone that includes the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other 3 categories.

Answer 21

Irregular bones

Question 22

This is the shaft of the long bone. Compact bone tissue (on outside)

Answer 22

Diaphysis

Question 23

Ends spongy bone tissue

Answer 23

Epiphysis

Question 24

This covers epiphysis and it reduces friction.

Answer 24

Articular cartilage

Question 25

This is the site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis.

Answer 25

Epiphyseal plate

Question 26

Epiphyseal plate will turn into this if an individual became an adult.

Answer 26

Epiphyseal line

Question 27

Center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow

Answer 27

Medullary cavity

Question 28

Membrane around bone's outer surface.

Answer 28

Periosteum

Question 29

Membrane that lines medullary cavity or the inner surface of the bone.

Answer 29

Endosteum

Question 30

Between epiphysis and diaphysis. Note: This is not the epiphyseal plate or line

Answer 30

Metaphysis

Question 31

Epiphyseal ________ in juvenile.

Answer 31

plates

Question 32

Epiphyseal ______ in adults.

Answer 32

lines

Question 33

In epiphysis, the production of blood cells is happening here. This is because of the presence of what?

Answer 33

Spongy bone

Question 34

Can we found spongy bone in flat bones?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

Medullary cavity contains _____ marrow in juveniles and ______ marrow in adults.

Answer 35

red, yellow. Note: Red marrow =blood cells Yellow marrow =lipids or fats

Question 36

What do you call the epiphysis when it is far from the point of attachment?

Answer 36

Distal epiphysis

Question 37

What do you call the epiphysis when it is near from the point of attachment?

Answer 37

Proximal epiphysis

Question 38

Osteons are also called as what?

Answer 38

Haversian systems

Question 39

There is a dot inside the osteons. What do you call this? Note: This is the center of osteon. Contains blood vessels that helps to supply the other parts of the bone.

Answer 39

Central canals

Question 40

Periosteum is consist of 2 layers. What are these?

Answer 40

Inner layer and outer layer

Question 41

This is the structural unit of compact bone. It includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes.

Answer 41

Osteon

Question 42

It's location is on the outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones.

Answer 42

Compact Bone Tissue

Question 43

Rings of bone matrix

Answer 43

Lamella

Question 44

Spaces between lamella

Answer 44

Lacunae

Question 45

This are tiny canals used to transport nutrients and remove waste.

Answer 45

Canaliculus

Question 46

What do you call the blood vessel that connects two central canal between osteons?

Answer 46

Volkmann's Canal

Question 47

Spongy bone is also called

Answer 47

Cancellous

Question 48

It is located at the epiphysis of long bones and center of other bones. It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow. It has no osteons.

Answer 48

Spongy bone

Question 49

What are the 3 bone cells?

Answer 49

1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts

Question 50

A bone cells responsible for the *formation of bone* and the *repair and remodeling of bone*. **Bone building**

Answer 50

Osteoblasts

Question 51

A bone cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it. **Mature cell**

Answer 51

Osteocytes

Question 52

A bone cells that contributes to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption. **Bone destruction**

Answer 52

Osteoclasts

Question 53

It is the formation of bone by osteoblasts. It is about **bone hardening**.

Answer 53

Ossification or bone ossification

Question 54

What are the 2 types of bone hardening or bone ossification?

Answer 54

1. Intramembranous Ossification 2. Endochondral ossification

Question 55

What ossification is it when bone formation occurs within connective tissue membranes, primarily in the bones of the *skull*? Note: Least common

Answer 55

Intramembranous ossification

Question 56

Under Intramembranous Ossification, what is the area where the trabeculae radiate out from the center? It starts as a dot and constantly remodeled and enlarged.

Answer 56

Ossification centers

Question 57

Often referred to as "soft spots," are one of the most prominent anatomical features of the newborn's skull. You can determine if the baby is dehydrated by examining this part. This part closes at 18 months.

Answer 57

Fontanel

Question 58

What ossification is it when the bone forms within a cartilage model? This is the most common.

Answer 58

Endochondral ossification

Question 59

Under endochondral ossification, this is the bone formation in the *diaphysis* of a long bone.

Answer 59

Primary ossification center

Question 60

Under endochondral ossification, this is bone formation in the *epiphysis*.

Answer 60

Secondary ossification center

Question 61

Arrange the steps in Endochondral Ossification. A. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis. B. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chondroblasts become chondrocytes. C. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular cartilage. D. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens). E. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.

Answer 61

B, D, A, E, C

Question 62

Bone growth in width is also called as

Answer 62

Horizontal growth

Question 63

The process of horizontal bone growth (widening of the bone) is called what?

Answer 63

Appositional growth

Question 64

Bone growth in length is also called as

Answer 64

Vertical growth

Question 65

Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the what?

Answer 65

Epiphyseal plate Note: At the age of 25, this plate closes => epiphyseal line (being taller is not possible anymore).

Question 66

The more _____ to bones, the more it becomes stronger.

Answer 66

stress

Question 67

2 components of the bone that makes it hard and strong.

Answer 67

1. Calcium = excess only as blood also needs it. 2. Phosphate = stays inside the bone.

Question 68

It is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This is when the bone lacks calcium.

Answer 68

Osteoporosis

Question 69

Steps of Bone Repair

Answer 69

1. Blood clot formation (Hematoma formation) 2. Callus formation 3. Callus => Bony callus formation (Callus ossification) 4. Bone remodeling

Question 70

Why surgery is needed for bone repair?

Answer 70

To align the bones because natural repair will not align the bones.

Question 71

This is a major site for calcium. The movement of calcium in and out of it helps determine blood levels of calcium.

Answer 71

Bone

Question 72

Blood levels of calcium affects this part. Note: It is necessary that we maintain normal blood level of calcium because high and low level of it might result to cardiac arrest.

Answer 72

Muscle contraction (cardiac muscle)

Question 73

The first priority of calcium is?

Answer 73

Blood / blood level Note: *Excess calcium* goes to bone.

Question 74

Calcium moves ____ the bone as _____ build new bone. A. into, osteoblasts B. out of, osteoclasts

Answer 74

A. into, osteoblasts

Question 75

Calcium move ______ the bone as ______ break down bone. A. into, osteoblasts B. out of, osteoclasts

Answer 75

B. out of, osteoclasts

Question 76

What are the 2 hormones that controls calcium in the bones?

Answer 76

1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = makes osteoclasts **active** (the bones will become *soft*) [BONE → CALCIUM (Out) →BLOOD] 2. Calcitonin = makes osteoclasts **inactive or at rest** (the bones will become *hard*) [BLOOD → CALCIUM (In) → BONE]

Question 77

Bone Anatomical Terms Hole

Answer 77

Foramen Example: Foramen magnum

Question 78

Bone Anatomical Terms Depression

Answer 78

Fossa Example: Glenoid fossa

Question 79

Bone Anatomical Terms Projection

Answer 79

Process Example: Mastoid Process

Question 80

Bone Anatomical Terms Smooth, rounded end

Answer 80

Condyle Example: Occipital condyle

Question 81

Bone Anatomical Terms Canal-like passageway

Answer 81

Meatus Example: External auditory meatus

Question 82

Bone Anatomical Terms Lump of bone

Answer 82

Tubercle Example: Greater tubercle