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Anaphy > Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilages
  3. Tendons
  4. Ligaments
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2
Q

Spongy and compact are two types of it.

A

Bone

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3
Q

Before a bone will form, it will start with this.

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

Bones to muscle

A

Tendons

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5
Q

Bones to bones

A

Ligament

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6
Q

Bones located at the center

A

Axial skeleton

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7
Q

Long bones. Comprises the upper and lower extremities

A

Appendicular skeleton

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8
Q

Skeletal system functions

A
  1. Support - rigid framework of the body
  2. Protect - surrounds the vital organs.
  3. Movement
  4. Storage - store Calcium and Phosphorus (phosphate).
  5. Blood cell production - spongy bone produces blood cells.
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9
Q

Composition of the extracellular matrix of the bone

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Ground substances
  3. Water
  4. Minerals
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10
Q

It is a tough, ropelike protein.

A

Collagen

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11
Q

Are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides (sugar) attaching to and encircling core proteins?

A

Proteoglycans

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12
Q

The extracellular matrix of the cartilage contains this 2. What are these?

Note: This is why it is relatively rigid but springs back to its original shape after beingbent or slightly compressed. Making it an excellent shock absorber.

A
  1. Collagen = makes cartilage tough.
  2. Proteoglycan = makes cartilage smooth and resilient
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13
Q

The extracellular matrix of the bone contains collagen and minerals, including these 2. What are these?

A

Calcium and phosphate

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14
Q

The ropelike collagen fibers lend _____ strength to the bone.

A

flexible

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15
Q

The mineral component gives bone compression
(________) strength.

A

weight-bearing

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16
Q

Most of the minerals in bone are in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called what?

A

hydroxyapatite

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17
Q

What are the four bone shape classifications?

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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18
Q

This is a type of bone that is longer than they are wide.

Examples: Upper and lower limb bones

A

Long bones

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19
Q

This is a type of bones that are approximately as wide as they are long.

Examples: Bones of the wrist and ankle.

A

Short bones

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20
Q

This is a type of bones that have a relatively thin and flattened shape.

Examples: Bones of the skull and sternum

A

Flat bones

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21
Q

This is the type of bone that includes the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other 3 categories.

A

Irregular bones

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22
Q

This is the shaft of the long bone. Compact bone tissue (on outside)

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

Ends spongy bone tissue

A

Epiphysis

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24
Q

This covers epiphysis and it reduces friction.

A

Articular cartilage

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25
Q

This is the site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis.

A

Epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

Epiphyseal plate will turn into this if an individual became an adult.

A

Epiphyseal line

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27
Q

Center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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28
Q

Membrane around bone’s outer surface.

A

Periosteum

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29
Q

Membrane that lines medullary cavity or the inner surface of the bone.

A

Endosteum

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30
Q

Between epiphysis and diaphysis.

Note: This is not the epiphyseal plate or line

A

Metaphysis

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31
Q

Epiphyseal ________ in juvenile.

A

plates

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32
Q

Epiphyseal ______ in adults.

A

lines

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33
Q

In epiphysis, the production of blood cells is happening here. This is because of the presence of what?

A

Spongy bone

34
Q

Can we found spongy bone in flat bones?

35
Q

Medullary cavity contains _____ marrow in juveniles and ______ marrow in adults.

A

red, yellow.

Note:
Red marrow =blood cells
Yellow marrow =lipids or fats

36
Q

What do you call the epiphysis when it is far from the point of attachment?

A

Distal epiphysis

37
Q

What do you call the epiphysis when it is near from the point of attachment?

A

Proximal epiphysis

38
Q

Osteons are also called as what?

A

Haversian systems

39
Q

There is a dot inside the osteons. What do you call this?

Note: This is the center of osteon. Contains blood vessels that helps to supply the other parts of the bone.

A

Central canals

40
Q

Periosteum is consist of 2 layers. What are these?

A

Inner layer and outer layer

41
Q

This is the structural unit of compact bone. It includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes.

42
Q

It’s location is on the outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones.

A

Compact Bone Tissue

43
Q

Rings of bone matrix

44
Q

Spaces between lamella

45
Q

This are tiny canals used to transport nutrients and remove waste.

A

Canaliculus

46
Q

What do you call the blood vessel that connects two central canal between osteons?

A

Volkmann’s Canal

47
Q

Spongy bone is also called

A

Cancellous

48
Q

It is located at the epiphysis of long bones and center of other bones.

It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.

It has no osteons.

A

Spongy bone

49
Q

What are the 3 bone cells?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
50
Q

A bone cells responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

Bone building

A

Osteoblasts

51
Q

A bone cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

Mature cell

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

A bone cells that contributes to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.

Bone destruction

A

Osteoclasts

53
Q

It is the formation of bone by osteoblasts. It is about bone hardening.

A

Ossification or bone ossification

54
Q

What are the 2 types of bone hardening or bone ossification?

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
55
Q

What ossification is it when bone formation occurs within connective tissue membranes, primarily in the bones of the skull?

Note: Least common

A

Intramembranous ossification

56
Q

Under Intramembranous Ossification, what is the area where the trabeculae radiate out from the center? It starts as a dot and constantly remodeled and enlarged.

A

Ossification centers

57
Q

Often referred to as “soft spots,” are one of the most prominent anatomical features of the newborn’s skull.

You can determine if the baby is dehydrated by examining this part. This part closes at 18 months.

58
Q

What ossification is it when the bone forms within a cartilage model? This is the most common.

A

Endochondral ossification

59
Q

Under endochondral ossification, this is the bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.

A

Primary ossification center

60
Q

Under endochondral ossification, this is bone formation in the epiphysis.

A

Secondary ossification center

61
Q

Arrange the steps in Endochondral Ossification.

A. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis.

B. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chondroblasts become chondrocytes.

C. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular cartilage.

D. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).

E. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.

A

B, D, A, E, C

62
Q

Bone growth in width is also called as

A

Horizontal growth

63
Q

The process of horizontal bone growth (widening of the bone) is called what?

A

Appositional growth

64
Q

Bone growth in length is also called as

A

Vertical growth

65
Q

Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the what?

A

Epiphyseal plate

Note: At the age of 25, this plate closes => epiphyseal line (being taller is not possible anymore).

66
Q

The more _____ to bones, the more it becomes stronger.

67
Q

2 components of the bone that makes it hard and strong.

A
  1. Calcium = excess only as blood also needs it.
  2. Phosphate = stays inside the bone.
68
Q

It is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes.

This is when the bone lacks calcium.

A

Osteoporosis

69
Q

Steps of Bone Repair

A
  1. Blood clot formation (Hematoma formation)
  2. Callus formation
  3. Callus => Bony callus formation (Callus ossification)
  4. Bone remodeling
70
Q

Why surgery is needed for bone repair?

A

To align the bones because natural repair will not align the bones.

71
Q

This is a major site for calcium. The movement of calcium in and out of it helps determine blood levels of calcium.

72
Q

Blood levels of calcium affects this part.

Note: It is necessary that we maintain normal blood level of calcium because high and low level of it might result to cardiac arrest.

A

Muscle contraction (cardiac muscle)

73
Q

The first priority of calcium is?

A

Blood / blood level

Note: Excess calcium goes to bone.

74
Q

Calcium moves ____ the bone as _____ build new bone.

A. into, osteoblasts
B. out of, osteoclasts

A

A. into, osteoblasts

75
Q

Calcium move ______ the bone as ______ break down bone.

A. into, osteoblasts
B. out of, osteoclasts

A

B. out of, osteoclasts

76
Q

What are the 2 hormones that controls calcium in the bones?

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = makes osteoclasts active (the bones will become soft)
    [BONE → CALCIUM (Out) →BLOOD]
  2. Calcitonin = makes osteoclasts inactive or at rest (the bones will become hard)
    [BLOOD → CALCIUM (In) → BONE]
77
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Hole

A

Foramen

Example: Foramen magnum

78
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Depression

A

Fossa

Example: Glenoid fossa

79
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Projection

A

Process

Example: Mastoid Process

80
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Smooth, rounded end

A

Condyle

Example: Occipital condyle

81
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Canal-like passageway

A

Meatus

Example: External auditory meatus

82
Q

Bone Anatomical Terms

Lump of bone

A

Tubercle

Example: Greater tubercle

Anaphy (4 decks)

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