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Chapter 1: The HUMAN Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Person standing erect with face and palms forward

A

Anatomical position

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2
Q

All relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation.

A

Anatomical position

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3
Q

What is the directional term for ‘above’?

A

Superior

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4
Q

Directional term of ‘below’

A

Inferior

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5
Q

What is the directional term for ‘front’?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Directional term for ‘back’

A

Posterior

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7
Q

Anterior is also called as what?

A

Ventral

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8
Q

Posterior is also called as what?

A

Dorsal

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9
Q

What do you call it when the body part is close to midline?

A

Medial

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10
Q

What do you call it when the body part is away from midline?

A

Lateral

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11
Q

Far from point of attachment

A

Distal

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12
Q

Close to point of attachment

A

Proximal

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13
Q

Structure close to the surface

A

Superficial

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14
Q

Structure toward the interior of the body

A

Deep

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15
Q

What do you call the plane that separates the body into right and left parts?

A

Sagittal plane

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16
Q

A sagittal plane along the midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

A

Median plane

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17
Q

What do you call the horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts?

A

Transverse plane

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18
Q

It is a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A

Frontal plane

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19
Q

Upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region

A

A. Upper limbs

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20
Q

Thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot

Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region

A

B. Lower limbs

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21
Q

Head, neck, trunk

Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region

A

C. Central region

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22
Q

In subdivisions of the Abdomen, enumerate the quadrants.

A

Right-upper quadrant
Left-upper quadrant
Right-lower quadrant
Left-lower quadrant

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23
Q

In subdivisions of the abdomen, enumerate the 9 regions.

A

Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right Iliac region

Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region

Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left Iliac region

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24
Q

It is a space within chest wall and diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.

A

Thoracic Cavity

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25
It is the space between lungs. It contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Mediastinum
26
It is the space between diaphragm and pelvis. It contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
Abdominal cavity
27
It is the space within pelvis. It contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine.
Pelvic cavity
28
It surrounds the heart and blood vessels in the pericardial cavity.
Pericardium
29
What do you call the pericardium that covers the heart?
Visceral pericardium
30
What do you call the fluid inside the cavity that surrounds the heart?
Pericardial fluid
31
What pleura covers the lungs?
Visceral pleura
32
Reduces friction. Adheres lungs to thoracic wall.
Pleural cavity
33
Lines inner wall of thorax
Parietal pleura
34
What is the membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surround your abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
35
Covers and anchors the organs in the abdominal cavity. Double layers called mesenteries
Visceral peritoneum
36
Investigates body structure. The term means to dissect.
Anatomy
37
Investigates processes and functions. Studies the human organism
Physiology
38
Studies body cells
Cellular Physiology
39
Studies body organ-systems
Systemic Physiology
40
The type of Anatomy that studies body organ-systems.
Systemic
41
The type of anatomy that studies body regions.
Regional
42
The type of anatomy that studies external features. Example: Bone projections
Surface
43
The type of Anatomy that uses technologies such as x-rays, ultrasound, and MRI.
Anatomical imaging
44
Smallest level Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
Chemical
45
_____ is the basic unit of life.
Cell
46
Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release. Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Tissues
47
Two or more tissue types acting together to perform functions.
Organs
48
Group of organs contributing to some function.
Organ-system
49
What level it is when All organ systems working together and make up an _________.
Organism level
50
What system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. Consist of skin and hair.
Integumentary system
51
What system provides protection, support, and allows body movements.
Skeletal system
52
What system of the body produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular system
53
What system of the body detects sensations, control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous system
54
What system is consist of glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones. Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and etc.
Endocrine system
55
What system of the body consists the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular system
56
What system of the body removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic system
57
What system of the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory system
58
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive system
59
What system of the body produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female reproductive system
60
What system of the body produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Male reproductive system
61
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.
Homeostasis
62
In characteristics of Life It is the functional interrelationship between parts
Organization
63
In characteristics of Life It is the sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes.
Metabolism
64
In characteristics of Life It is the ability to sense and respond to environmental changes (both external and internal).
Responsiveness
65
In characteristics of Life It is the increase in size of cells, groups of cells, and extracellular materials.
Growth
66
In characteristics of Life It is when something changes in form and size. There are changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized (differentiation).
Development
67
In characteristics of Life It is the formation of new cells or new organisms. It can be about generation of new individuals or tissue repair.
Reproduction
68
Measures of body properties that may change in value Examples: body temperature, heart rate
Variables
69
What do you call the normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point?
Normal range
70
In homeostasis, it is the normal or average value of a variable.
Set point
71
Blood clotting or childbirth is an example of what feedback? A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback
A. Positive feedback
72
What feedback continuously regulate critical body processes including temperature, pH, and hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis? A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback
B. Negative feedback Note: This is the most common
73
In homeostasis What are the 3 components of feedback?
Receptor - detects changes in variable. Control center - receiver receptor signal, establishes set point, and sends signal to effector. Effector - directly causes change in variable.
74
Anatomical position is also called
Default position
75
Eyes is ___ to your nose. Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Superior
76
Mouth is ___ to your eyes. Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Inferior
77
My stomach is ___ to my spine. Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Anterior
78
Sternum is ___ to my pectoral. - Sternum is the bone at the center of the chest. - Pectoral is the muscle on the chest or breast part. Is it Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral?
Medial
79
Your ribs is ___ to your sternum. - Sternum is the bone at the center of the chest. - Ribs are the bone covering the chest. Is it Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral?
Lateral
80
The fingers are ___ to your elbow.
Distal
81
The elbow is ___ to your wrist.
Proximal
82
The knee is ___ to your toes.
Proximal
83
Skin - outermost Subcutaneous Fascia Muscle Bones
Subcutaneous is ___ to your bones (Superficial) Your bone is ___ to your muscle (Deep) Fascia is ___ to your muscle (Superficial)

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