Chapter 1: The HUMAN Organism Flashcards
Person standing erect with face and palms forward
Anatomical position
All relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation.
Anatomical position
What is the directional term for ‘above’?
Superior
Directional term of ‘below’
Inferior
What is the directional term for ‘front’?
Anterior
Directional term for ‘back’
Posterior
Anterior is also called as what?
Ventral
Posterior is also called as what?
Dorsal
What do you call it when the body part is close to midline?
Medial
What do you call it when the body part is away from midline?
Lateral
Far from point of attachment
Distal
Close to point of attachment
Proximal
Structure close to the surface
Superficial
Structure toward the interior of the body
Deep
What do you call the plane that separates the body into right and left parts?
Sagittal plane
A sagittal plane along the midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Median plane
What do you call the horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts?
Transverse plane
It is a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal plane
Upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region
A. Upper limbs
Thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot
Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region
B. Lower limbs
Head, neck, trunk
Which body regions do they belong?
A. Upper limbs
B. Lower limbs
C. Central region
C. Central region
In subdivisions of the Abdomen, enumerate the quadrants.
Right-upper quadrant
Left-upper quadrant
Right-lower quadrant
Left-lower quadrant
In subdivisions of the abdomen, enumerate the 9 regions.
Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right Iliac region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left Iliac region
It is a space within chest wall and diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Thoracic Cavity
It is the space between lungs. It contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Mediastinum
It is the space between diaphragm and pelvis. It contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
Abdominal cavity
It is the space within pelvis. It contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine.
Pelvic cavity
It surrounds the heart and blood vessels in the pericardial cavity.
Pericardium
What do you call the pericardium that covers the heart?
Visceral pericardium
What do you call the fluid inside the cavity that surrounds the heart?
Pericardial fluid
What pleura covers the lungs?
Visceral pleura
Reduces friction. Adheres lungs to thoracic wall.
Pleural cavity
Lines inner wall of thorax
Parietal pleura
What is the membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surround your abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
Covers and anchors the organs in the abdominal cavity.
Double layers called mesenteries
Visceral peritoneum
Investigates body structure.
The term means to dissect.
Anatomy
Investigates processes and functions.
Studies the human organism
Physiology
Studies body cells
Cellular Physiology
Studies body organ-systems
Systemic Physiology
The type of Anatomy that studies body organ-systems.
Systemic
The type of anatomy that studies body regions.
Regional
The type of anatomy that studies external features.
Example: Bone projections
Surface
The type of Anatomy that uses technologies such as x-rays, ultrasound, and MRI.
Anatomical imaging
Smallest level
Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
Chemical
_____ is the basic unit of life.
Cell
Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release.
Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Tissues
Two or more tissue types acting together to perform functions.
Organs
Group of organs contributing to some function.
Organ-system
What level it is when All organ systems working together and make up an _________.
Organism level
What system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. Consist of skin and hair.
Integumentary system
What system provides protection, support, and allows body movements.
Skeletal system
What system of the body produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular system
What system of the body detects sensations, control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous system
What system is consist of glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones. Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and etc.
Endocrine system
What system of the body consists the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular system
What system of the body removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic system
What system of the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory system
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive system
What system of the body produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female reproductive system
What system of the body produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Male reproductive system
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.
Homeostasis
In characteristics of Life
It is the functional interrelationship between parts
Organization
In characteristics of Life
It is the sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism.
Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes.
Metabolism
In characteristics of Life
It is the ability to sense and respond to environmental changes (both external and internal).
Responsiveness
In characteristics of Life
It is the increase in size of cells, groups of cells, and extracellular materials.
Growth
In characteristics of Life
It is when something changes in form and size. There are changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized (differentiation).
Development
In characteristics of Life
It is the formation of new cells or new organisms. It can be about generation of new individuals or tissue repair.
Reproduction
Measures of body properties that may change in value
Examples: body temperature, heart rate
Variables
What do you call the normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point?
Normal range
In homeostasis, it is the normal or average value of a variable.
Set point
Blood clotting or childbirth is an example of what feedback?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
A. Positive feedback
What feedback continuously regulate critical body processes including temperature, pH, and hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
B. Negative feedback
Note: This is the most common
In homeostasis
What are the 3 components of feedback?
Receptor - detects changes in variable.
Control center - receiver receptor signal, establishes set point, and sends signal to effector.
Effector - directly causes change in variable.
Anatomical position is also called
Default position
Eyes is ___ to your nose.
Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Superior
Mouth is ___ to your eyes.
Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Inferior
My stomach is ___ to my spine.
Is it superior, inferior, anterior, or posterior?
Anterior
Sternum is ___ to my pectoral.
- Sternum is the bone at the center of the chest.
- Pectoral is the muscle on the chest or breast part.
Is it Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral?
Medial
Your ribs is ___ to your sternum.
- Sternum is the bone at the center of the chest.
- Ribs are the bone covering the chest.
Is it Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral?
Lateral
The fingers are ___ to your elbow.
Distal
The elbow is ___ to your wrist.
Proximal
The knee is ___ to your toes.
Proximal
Skin - outermost
Subcutaneous
Fascia
Muscle
Bones
Subcutaneous is ___ to your bones (Superficial)
Your bone is ___ to your muscle (Deep)
Fascia is ___ to your muscle (Superficial)
