Chapter 4: TISSUES Flashcards
Is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.
Tissue
What do you call the Study of tissues?
Histology
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
The type of tissues where it is a covering or lining tissue.
Example: Covering of the organs
Epithelial
The type of tissue which is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.
Connective
A type of tissues that contracts or shortens, making movement possible.
Muscle
A type of tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
Nervous
A characteristic of epithelial tissue where it is also called as avascular meaning doesn’t have blood supply but it has the ability to multiply or regenerate.
Nonvascular
Epithelial tissue has 3 distinct cell surface. What are these?
Apical or Free surface
Lateral
Basement surface
What is the other term for epithelial tissue?
Epithelium
Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the 2 glands. What are these?
Exocrine and endocrine glands
What are the characteristics of Epithelial tissue?
- Mostly composed of cells
- Covers body surfaces
- Distinct cell surfaces
- Cell and matrix connections
- Nonvascular
- Capable of regeneration
What are the functions of Epithelial tissues?
- Protect underlying structure
- Acts as a barrier
- Permits passage of substances
- Secretes substances
- Absorption of substances
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to the number of cell layers. What are these?
Simple, Stratified, or Pseudostratified
Classification of Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.
Simple
Classification of Epithelial Tissue that consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.
Stratified
Classification of Epithelial tissue which is a special type of simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely Stratified.
Consists of one layer cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Note: Pseudo means false
What are the 3 types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells?
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
Type of epithelium (shape) which cells are flat or scalelike.
Squamous
Type of epithelium (shape) which cells are cubed-shaped – about as wide as they are tall.
Cuboidal
Type of epithelium (shape) which cells tend to be taller than they are wide.
Columnar
This is a single layer of thin, flat cells. Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not.
Examples of organs that have this tissue:
1. Lungs - allows for gas exchange. (diffusion)
2. Kidneys - helps filter wastes from the blood. (filtration)
Simple squamous epithelium
Note: Main function is diffusion and filtration
This is a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.
They have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Note: Main function is secretion and absorption in kidney and lungs.
This is a single layer of tall, thin cells.
The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions, such as secretion.
These tissue of the small intestine produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
This is a single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear Stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
This tissue forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells.
Though the deepest cells are Cuboidal or columnar and are capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is based on the shape of the surface cells.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Note: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body.
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelia?
- Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelia
- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia
Type of stratified squamous epithelium that can be seen on the outer layer of the skin.
Keratinized
Type of stratified squamous epithelium that can be seen in the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas.
Provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier.
Nonkeratinized
This tissue consists of more than one layer of Cuboidal epithelial cells. It is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.
It functions in absorption, secretion, and protection.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
This tissue consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells. The surface cells are columnar but the deeper cells are irregular or Cuboidal in shape.
Relatively rare and found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of male urethra.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Note: Carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption.
This is a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched and causes the shape of the cells change.
Example: It lines cavities that can greatly expand, such as the urinary bladder.
Transitional Epithelium
This is the part of the tissue that is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissue.
It can be smooth or lined with microvilli or cilia.
Free surface or Apical
Note: Cilia move materials over the top of the cell and microvilli increase surface area.
4 types of Cell connections
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes
- Tight junctions
- Gap junctions
Cell connections do 3 things. What are these?
- Mechanically bind the cells together.
- Help form a permeability barrier.
- Provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.
A type of cell connections that are mechanical links that bind cells together.
Desmosomes
A type of cell connections and are half desmosomes that anchor cells to the basement membrane.
Hemidesmosomes
A type of cell connections that prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell, similar to the way a belt surrounds the waist.
Can be found in the lining of the intestines.
Tight junctions
A type of cell connections that are small channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cells to an adjacent one. Act as communication signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.
Gap junctions
This are secretory organs that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the bloodstream.
Glands
This is the glands with ducts
Exocrine glands
These are ductless glands; they secrete their products (termed hormones) into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands
What do you call the glands that have a single, non-branched duct, some have branched ducts?
Simple
Exocrine glands that have multiple, branched ducts.
Compound
Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes) are called what?
Tubular
Glands with secretory regions shaped in saclike structures are called what?
Acinar or alveolar
Tubular glands can be ____ or ______.
Straight or coiled
Glands with a combination of the two (tubules and saclike structures) are called __________ or __________.
tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar
Exocrine glands can be classified according to how products leave the cells. What are these 3?
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
This secretion involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis.
Merocrine
This secretion involves the release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells.
Apocrine
This secretion involves the shedding of the entire cells.
Holocrine
This is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.
It differs from the other 3 tissue types that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue
Functions of Connective Tissue
- _________ and _______ other tissues.
- ___________ tissues to one another.
- _____________ and moving parts of the body.
- __________ compounds
- _________ and insulating
- T__________
- P___________
- Enclose and separate
- Connecting
- Supporting
- Storing
- Cushioning
- Transporting
- Protecting
This is a special cell that form bones, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.
Osteoblasts
These are cells that form fibrous connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it.
Fibroblasts
This is a cell that form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.
Chondroblasts
These are large cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue.
This is a type of white blood cells.
Macrophages
These are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammatory response.
Mast cells
The extracellular matrix (outside) of Connective tissue has 3 major components. What are these?
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance
- Fluid
Consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules. This is the floor (can be solid or liquid)
Example: They enable bones (solid) and cartilage to bear weight.
Ground substance
There are 3 types of protein fibers that help form most connective tissues. What are these?
- Collagen fibers
- Reticular fibers
- Elastic fibers
A type of protein fiber which resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching. It is color pink under the microscope.
Can found on the skin
Collagen fibers
A type of protein fibers that are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network. Mostly black and looks like a net under the microscope.
Can be found on the spine?
Reticular fibers
A type of protein fibers that have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality. This is dark blue and hairlike under the microscope.
Elastic fibers
What do you call a large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides.
It traps large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.
Proteoglycans
Note: This can be found in the cartilage. This is like a solid lotion.
Two main types of Connective tissue
Embryonic and Adult connective tissue
This is the type of Connective tissue that is still changing by eight weeks of development.
Embryonic connective tissue
This is a type of Connective tissue consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.
Can be found on the dermis or skin.
Loose connective tissue
What are the 3 subdivisions of loose connective tissue?
- Areolar connective tissue
- Adipose connective tissue
- Reticular connective tissue
This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that is primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. It is the most common or most abundant connective tissue found on the dermis of the skin.
Areolar
What is the most common cells in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that is consists of Adipocytes or fat cells which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage. It also acts as thermal insulator.
Adipose
Note: Muscle releases heat and fat just stores heat.
This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that forms the framework of lympathic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver. It looks like net for filtering bacteria.
Reticular
Another type of Connective tissue that has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space. It is tightly-packed which is the opposite of loose connective tissue.
Dense connective tissue
There are 2 major subcategories of dense connective tissue. What are these?
Collagenous and elastic
This is a dense connective tissue that has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of Collagen fibers. Can be found in tendons and ligaments.
Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue
This is a type of dense collagenous Connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the same direction from up to down.
Examples:
1. tendons = bones to muscles
2. ligaments = bones to bones
Dense regular
This is a type of dense collagenous Connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the multiple directions (circular or swirling pattern).
Examples
1. Dermis of the skin
2. Organ capsules
Dense irregular
This is a type of Connective tissue that has abundant fibers among its collagen fibers. Found mostly on vocal chords.
Dense elastic connective tissue
What is a genetic condition that results from, in part the inability to properly maintain and form elastic fibers?
Marfan Syndrome
It is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix.
It is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water. It provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it resumes to original shape. It acts as a shock absorber.
Cartilage
________ ➜ Cartilage ➜ ______
Fetus ➜ Cartilage ➜ Bones
There are 3 types of cartilage. What are these?
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
This is a type of cartilage which is the most abundant type and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints.
Hyaline
This is a type of cartilage that has more collagen than hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling.
This is found in the intervertebral disks (between the spine).
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between the _______ and in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular (jaw)
joints.
vertebrae (bones of the back) or intervertebral disc
This is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. It is flexible as it is able to recoil to its original shape when bent.
The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube contains this. Can be found in ears.
Elastic
It is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae.
The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix (composed of calcium and phosphorus) enables the bones to support and protect other tissues and organs.
Bone
There are 2 types of bone tissue. What are these?
- Spongy bone
- Compact bone
This is a type of bone that consists of red bone marrow that is responsible for producing blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets). It has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
Spongy bone
This is a type of bone that contains yellow marrow (fats) produces lipids. This is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.
Compact bone
It is a liquid connective tissue. It functions in transport of energy, oxygen, waste, hormones, and other substances.
Blood
Blood contains a liquid matrix, termed the ________, along with formed elements.
Plasma
Red blood cells (RBC) are also called as
Note: They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC) is also called as _______.
Note: protection against microorganisms
Leukocytes
Platelets is also called as
Note: They stop bleeding
Thrombocytes
This is a type of tissue with a main function is to contract, or shortens, making movement possible.
Muscle
There are 3 types of muscle tissue. What are these?
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
A type of muscle tissue which attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move.
Skeletal muscle
3 distinct characteristics of Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary (can be controlled)
- Striated
- Multinucleated (can be regenerated)
This is a type of muscle tissue with the presence of intercalated disks. It is the muscle of the heart and responsible for pumping blood.
Cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle cells.
Cardiac muscle
Distinct characteristics of Cardiac muscle
- Uninucleated (one nucleus)
- Striated
- Involuntary (cannot be controlled)
- Intercalated disks (cracks)
This is a type of muscle tissue that forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and in the eyes.
Responsible for a number of functions, such as moving food through the digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder.
Smooth muscle
Distinct characteristics of Smooth muscle
- Uninucleated
- No striations
- Involuntary
- Found in Digestive tract (GI Tract) and blood vessels.
The type of tissue that forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is composed of 2 cells. What are these?
- Neurons - responsible for conducting action potentials.
- Glial cells - support cells
The neuron is composed of 3 parts. What are these?
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
Fluid matrix of blood
plasma
Is inflammation normal?
Yes
This is usually a beneficial process on the Lymphatic system that occurs when tissues are damaged.
Inflammation
The inflammatory process occurs in stages. What are the 5 major symptoms (cardinal signs) of inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling (edema)
- Pain
- Disturbance of function
It involves the substitution of dead cells for viable cells. Can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis (scar).
Tissue repair
In ________, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.
regeneration
In ______, or replacement, a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function.
fibrosis
Are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.
Stem cells
A dry, rough protective crust that forms over a cut or wound during healing.
Scab
