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Anaphy > Chapter 4: TISSUES > Flashcards

Chapter 4: TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

Is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.

A

Tissue

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2
Q

What do you call the Study of tissues?

A

Histology

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues

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4
Q

The type of tissues where it is a covering or lining tissue.

Example: Covering of the organs

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

The type of tissue which is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

A

Connective

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6
Q

A type of tissues that contracts or shortens, making movement possible.

A

Muscle

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7
Q

A type of tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

A

Nervous

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8
Q

A characteristic of epithelial tissue where it is also called as avascular meaning doesn’t have blood supply but it has the ability to multiply or regenerate.

A

Nonvascular

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue has 3 distinct cell surface. What are these?

A

Apical or Free surface
Lateral
Basement surface

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10
Q

What is the other term for epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelium

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11
Q

Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the 2 glands. What are these?

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelial tissue?

A
  • Mostly composed of cells
  • Covers body surfaces
  • Distinct cell surfaces
  • Cell and matrix connections
  • Nonvascular
  • Capable of regeneration
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13
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Protect underlying structure
  2. Acts as a barrier
  3. Permits passage of substances
  4. Secretes substances
  5. Absorption of substances
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14
Q

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to the number of cell layers. What are these?

A

Simple, Stratified, or Pseudostratified

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15
Q

Classification of Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

A

Simple

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16
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue that consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

A

Stratified

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17
Q

Classification of Epithelial tissue which is a special type of simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely Stratified.

Consists of one layer cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Note: Pseudo means false

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells?

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

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19
Q

Type of epithelium (shape) which cells are flat or scalelike.

A

Squamous

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20
Q

Type of epithelium (shape) which cells are cubed-shaped – about as wide as they are tall.

A

Cuboidal

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21
Q

Type of epithelium (shape) which cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

A

Columnar

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22
Q

This is a single layer of thin, flat cells. Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not.

Examples of organs that have this tissue:
1. Lungs - allows for gas exchange. (diffusion)
2. Kidneys - helps filter wastes from the blood. (filtration)

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Note: Main function is diffusion and filtration

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23
Q

This is a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.

They have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Note: Main function is secretion and absorption in kidney and lungs.

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24
Q

This is a single layer of tall, thin cells.

The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions, such as secretion.

These tissue of the small intestine produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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25
Q

This is a single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear Stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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26
Q

This tissue forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells.

Though the deepest cells are Cuboidal or columnar and are capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is based on the shape of the surface cells.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Note: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body.

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27
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelia?

A
  1. Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelia
  2. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia
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28
Q

Type of stratified squamous epithelium that can be seen on the outer layer of the skin.

A

Keratinized

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29
Q

Type of stratified squamous epithelium that can be seen in the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas.

Provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier.

A

Nonkeratinized

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30
Q

This tissue consists of more than one layer of Cuboidal epithelial cells. It is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.

It functions in absorption, secretion, and protection.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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31
Q

This tissue consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells. The surface cells are columnar but the deeper cells are irregular or Cuboidal in shape.

Relatively rare and found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of male urethra.

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Note: Carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption.

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32
Q

This is a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched and causes the shape of the cells change.

Example: It lines cavities that can greatly expand, such as the urinary bladder.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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33
Q

This is the part of the tissue that is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissue.

It can be smooth or lined with microvilli or cilia.

A

Free surface or Apical

Note: Cilia move materials over the top of the cell and microvilli increase surface area.

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34
Q

4 types of Cell connections

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Hemidesmosomes
  3. Tight junctions
  4. Gap junctions
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35
Q

Cell connections do 3 things. What are these?

A
  1. Mechanically bind the cells together.
  2. Help form a permeability barrier.
  3. Provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.
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36
Q

A type of cell connections that are mechanical links that bind cells together.

A

Desmosomes

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37
Q

A type of cell connections and are half desmosomes that anchor cells to the basement membrane.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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38
Q

A type of cell connections that prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell, similar to the way a belt surrounds the waist.

Can be found in the lining of the intestines.

A

Tight junctions

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39
Q

A type of cell connections that are small channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cells to an adjacent one. Act as communication signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.

A

Gap junctions

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40
Q

This are secretory organs that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the bloodstream.

A

Glands

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41
Q

This is the glands with ducts

A

Exocrine glands

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42
Q

These are ductless glands; they secrete their products (termed hormones) into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine glands

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43
Q

What do you call the glands that have a single, non-branched duct, some have branched ducts?

A

Simple

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44
Q

Exocrine glands that have multiple, branched ducts.

A

Compound

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45
Q

Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes) are called what?

A

Tubular

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46
Q

Glands with secretory regions shaped in saclike structures are called what?

A

Acinar or alveolar

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47
Q

Tubular glands can be ____ or ______.

A

Straight or coiled

48
Q

Glands with a combination of the two (tubules and saclike structures) are called __________ or __________.

A

tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

49
Q

Exocrine glands can be classified according to how products leave the cells. What are these 3?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

50
Q

This secretion involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis.

A

Merocrine

51
Q

This secretion involves the release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells.

A

Apocrine

52
Q

This secretion involves the shedding of the entire cells.

A

Holocrine

53
Q

This is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

It differs from the other 3 tissue types that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.

A

Connective tissue

54
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

  1. _________ and _______ other tissues.
  2. ___________ tissues to one another.
  3. _____________ and moving parts of the body.
  4. __________ compounds
  5. _________ and insulating
  6. T__________
  7. P___________
A
  1. Enclose and separate
  2. Connecting
  3. Supporting
  4. Storing
  5. Cushioning
  6. Transporting
  7. Protecting
55
Q

This is a special cell that form bones, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.

A

Osteoblasts

56
Q

These are cells that form fibrous connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it.

A

Fibroblasts

57
Q

This is a cell that form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.

A

Chondroblasts

58
Q

These are large cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue.

This is a type of white blood cells.

A

Macrophages

59
Q

These are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammatory response.

A

Mast cells

60
Q

The extracellular matrix (outside) of Connective tissue has 3 major components. What are these?

A
  1. Protein fibers
  2. Ground substance
  3. Fluid
61
Q

Consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules. This is the floor (can be solid or liquid)

Example: They enable bones (solid) and cartilage to bear weight.

A

Ground substance

62
Q

There are 3 types of protein fibers that help form most connective tissues. What are these?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
63
Q

A type of protein fiber which resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching. It is color pink under the microscope.

Can found on the skin

A

Collagen fibers

64
Q

A type of protein fibers that are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network. Mostly black and looks like a net under the microscope.

Can be found on the spine?

A

Reticular fibers

65
Q

A type of protein fibers that have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality. This is dark blue and hairlike under the microscope.

A

Elastic fibers

66
Q

What do you call a large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides.

It traps large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.

A

Proteoglycans

Note: This can be found in the cartilage. This is like a solid lotion.

67
Q

Two main types of Connective tissue

A

Embryonic and Adult connective tissue

68
Q

This is the type of Connective tissue that is still changing by eight weeks of development.

A

Embryonic connective tissue

69
Q

This is a type of Connective tissue consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

Can be found on the dermis or skin.

A

Loose connective tissue

70
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue
  2. Adipose connective tissue
  3. Reticular connective tissue
71
Q

This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that is primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. It is the most common or most abundant connective tissue found on the dermis of the skin.

A

Areolar

72
Q

What is the most common cells in loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

73
Q

This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that is consists of Adipocytes or fat cells which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage. It also acts as thermal insulator.

A

Adipose

Note: Muscle releases heat and fat just stores heat.

74
Q

This is a subdivision of loose connective tissue that forms the framework of lympathic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver. It looks like net for filtering bacteria.

A

Reticular

75
Q

Another type of Connective tissue that has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space. It is tightly-packed which is the opposite of loose connective tissue.

A

Dense connective tissue

76
Q

There are 2 major subcategories of dense connective tissue. What are these?

A

Collagenous and elastic

77
Q

This is a dense connective tissue that has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of Collagen fibers. Can be found in tendons and ligaments.

A

Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue

78
Q

This is a type of dense collagenous Connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the same direction from up to down.

Examples:
1. tendons = bones to muscles
2. ligaments = bones to bones

A

Dense regular

79
Q

This is a type of dense collagenous Connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the multiple directions (circular or swirling pattern).

Examples
1. Dermis of the skin
2. Organ capsules

A

Dense irregular

80
Q

This is a type of Connective tissue that has abundant fibers among its collagen fibers. Found mostly on vocal chords.

A

Dense elastic connective tissue

81
Q

What is a genetic condition that results from, in part the inability to properly maintain and form elastic fibers?

A

Marfan Syndrome

82
Q

It is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix.

It is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water. It provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it resumes to original shape. It acts as a shock absorber.

A

Cartilage

83
Q

________ ➜ Cartilage ➜ ______

A

Fetus ➜ Cartilage ➜ Bones

84
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage. What are these?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
85
Q

This is a type of cartilage which is the most abundant type and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints.

A

Hyaline

86
Q

This is a type of cartilage that has more collagen than hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling.

This is found in the intervertebral disks (between the spine).

A

Fibrocartilage

87
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between the _______ and in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular (jaw)
joints.

A

vertebrae (bones of the back) or intervertebral disc

88
Q

This is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. It is flexible as it is able to recoil to its original shape when bent.

The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube contains this. Can be found in ears.

A

Elastic

89
Q

It is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae.

The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix (composed of calcium and phosphorus) enables the bones to support and protect other tissues and organs.

A

Bone

90
Q

There are 2 types of bone tissue. What are these?

A
  1. Spongy bone
  2. Compact bone
91
Q

This is a type of bone that consists of red bone marrow that is responsible for producing blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets). It has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge.

A

Spongy bone

92
Q

This is a type of bone that contains yellow marrow (fats) produces lipids. This is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.

A

Compact bone

93
Q

It is a liquid connective tissue. It functions in transport of energy, oxygen, waste, hormones, and other substances.

A

Blood

93
Q

Blood contains a liquid matrix, termed the ________, along with formed elements.

A

Plasma

94
Q

Red blood cells (RBC) are also called as

Note: They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

95
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC) is also called as _______.

Note: protection against microorganisms

A

Leukocytes

96
Q

Platelets is also called as

Note: They stop bleeding

A

Thrombocytes

97
Q

This is a type of tissue with a main function is to contract, or shortens, making movement possible.

A

Muscle

98
Q

There are 3 types of muscle tissue. What are these?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
99
Q

A type of muscle tissue which attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move.

A

Skeletal muscle

100
Q

3 distinct characteristics of Skeletal muscle

A
  1. Voluntary (can be controlled)
  2. Striated
  3. Multinucleated (can be regenerated)
101
Q

This is a type of muscle tissue with the presence of intercalated disks. It is the muscle of the heart and responsible for pumping blood.

Cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle cells.

A

Cardiac muscle

102
Q

Distinct characteristics of Cardiac muscle

A
  1. Uninucleated (one nucleus)
  2. Striated
  3. Involuntary (cannot be controlled)
  4. Intercalated disks (cracks)
103
Q

This is a type of muscle tissue that forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and in the eyes.

Responsible for a number of functions, such as moving food through the digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder.

A

Smooth muscle

104
Q

Distinct characteristics of Smooth muscle

A
  1. Uninucleated
  2. No striations
  3. Involuntary
  4. Found in Digestive tract (GI Tract) and blood vessels.
105
Q

The type of tissue that forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

A

Nervous tissue

106
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of 2 cells. What are these?

A
  1. Neurons - responsible for conducting action potentials.
  2. Glial cells - support cells
107
Q

The neuron is composed of 3 parts. What are these?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
108
Q

Fluid matrix of blood

A

plasma

109
Q

Is inflammation normal?

A

Yes

110
Q

This is usually a beneficial process on the Lymphatic system that occurs when tissues are damaged.

A

Inflammation

111
Q

The inflammatory process occurs in stages. What are the 5 major symptoms (cardinal signs) of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling (edema)
  4. Pain
  5. Disturbance of function
112
Q

It involves the substitution of dead cells for viable cells. Can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis (scar).

A

Tissue repair

113
Q

In ________, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.

A

regeneration

114
Q

In ______, or replacement, a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function.

A

fibrosis

115
Q

Are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.

A

Stem cells

116
Q

A dry, rough protective crust that forms over a cut or wound during healing.

A

Scab

Anaphy (4 decks)

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