Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards
0
Q
Osteogenic cell function..
A
- Actively dividing stem cells for bone
- the location is in the periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain bone tissue
- differentiate into osteoblasts
1
Q
Cells of bone tissue?
A
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
2
Q
Osteoblast function..
A
Bone building cells secrete matrix trap them selves into matrix begin calcification differentiate into osteocytes Located in periosteum, endosteum
3
Q
Osteocyte function..
A
Mature bone cell, metabolically active cells, maintain bone tissue,
location Lacunae
4
Q
Osteoclast function..
A
Bone breaking cells
location in the endosteum
5
Q
Intramembraneous ossification stages..
A
Formation of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Formation of periosteum
6
Q
Formation of ossification center.
A
Mesenchymal cells, cluster together
Differentiate to osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts secrete matrix and trap themselves.
7
Q
Calcification
A
Trapped osteoblasts -> osteocytes
Osteocytes extend cytoplasmic projections forming canaliculi
~ few days matrix hardens (calcify)
8
Q
Formation of trabeculae..
A
Osteoblasts continue to lay down matrix, forming trabeculae = spongy bone
BV’s grow in spaces btwn trabeculae
CT in walls give rise to red bone marrow
9
Q
Formation of periosteum..
A
Edges of bone remodeled into compact bone
Periosteum forms outside of bone
10
Q
Sharpey’s fibers
A
Attach periosteum to bone
11
Q
Circumferential lamellae
A
Around diaphysis of bone
12
Q
Concentric lamellae
A
Around osteon
13
Q
Interstitial lamellae
A
Bits and pieces
14
Q
Perforating canal
A
Between central canal
15
Q
Canaliculi
A
Help transport nutrients between cells
16
Q
Functions of bone
A
Support Protection Assistance in movement Mineral homeostasis Blood cell production Triglyceride storage
17
Q
Structure of bone
A
Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
18
Q
Components of the sternum
A
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Gladiolus
Xiphoid process
19
Q
Components of sacrum
A
Lateral mass
Auricular surface
Sacral foramina
20
Q
Components of clavical
A
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Superior surface
21
Q
Occipital bone features
A
External occipital protuberance
Occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal (inside)
22
Q
Sphenoid bone features
A
Sella turcica Optic foramen Sphenoid sinus Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum
23
Q
Ethmoid bone features
A
Perpendicular plate Crista galli Ethmoid sinus Cribriform plate Olfactory foramen Nasal concha (superior, middle)
24
Mandible bone features
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
25
Temporal bone features
```
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External auditory meatus
Carotid canal
Mastoid sinus
```
26
Fissure
Narrow slit
27
Fossa
Shallow depression
28
Sulcus
Furrow along bone
29
Condyle
Large round protuberance
30
Crest
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
31
Epicondyle
Typically roughened projection above condyle
32
Trochanter
Very large projection
33
Tubercle
Variably sized rounded projection
34
Tuberosity
Variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface
35
Auditory ossicles features
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
36
Rib bone features
```
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Costal groove
Inferior margin
Shaft
```
37
Lordosis
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
38
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature
39
Kyphosis
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
40
Rib bone facts
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
8-10 false ribs
11 & 12 floating ribs
41
(Bone growth)
Interstitial growth
Growth in length
Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line in adults
New cartilage on epiphyseal side, new bone on diaphyseal side
42
(Bone growth)
Appositional growth
Growth in thickness
Fxn of periosteum - wraps around BV's to outside of diaphysis, new bone matrix is produced, circumferential lamellae become concentric
+ new osteons
Osteoclasts work on medullary cavity at a slower rate than the osteoblasts on the outside of the bone
43
Factors affecting bone growth
```
Calcium + phosphorus
-fluoride, magnesium, manganese
Vit A - stimulates osteoblast activity
Vit C - for collagen synthesis
Vit D - increase calcium absorption GI
Vit K & B12 - needed for bone proteins
```
Insulin life growth factors (IGF)
Human Growth Hormone
Estrogen/testosterone - growth spurt
T3/T4 - thyroid hormones
44
Fractures
```
Simple - closed
Compound - open sticks out of skin
Communited - pieces
Green stick - one side breaks
Impacted - bone driven in another
Potts - distal fibula
Colles - distal radius
```
45
Fracture repair
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling
46
Hematoma formation
Massive blood clot
Inflammation, vasodilation
Osteoclasts and phagocytes (clean)
47
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Cells from periosteum differentiate into chondroblasts
Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage matrix
Cells from periosteum -> fibroblasts ->
Form collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage callus bridges ends of bone
48
Bony callus formation
Osteogenic cells of periosteum differentiate to osteoblasts
| Osteoblasts replace fibrocartilage callus w/ bone callus
49
Bone remodeling
Both osteoclasts + osteoblasts at work
(Bone to original shape)
Will be thicker and stronger
50
Blood homeostatic range
9-11 mg / 100mL
If Ca2+ is too high - cardiac arrest
If too low - respiratory arrest
Regulation through negative feedback loops.
51
Blood Ca2+ too low..
```
Detected by parathyroid gland
Release hormone (parathyroid)
```
(Bone) increase osteoclasts activity
= more Ca2+ in blood
(Kidneys) retain Ca from urinary tract
Increase calcitriol production = Ca absorption increase in GI tract.
52
Blood Ca2+ too high
```
Thyroid gland (receptor, ctrl ctr)
Secrete calcitonin
Bone tissue (effector)
Increase osteoblast activity
- increase bone deposition
```
53
Endochondral ossification
- Development of cartilage model
- Perichondrium forms around cartilage model
- growth of cartilage model
- development of primary ossification center
- development of medullary cavity
- development of secondary ossification center
- development of Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
54
Metaphysis
Region between diaphysis and epiphysis
| Hyaline cartilage growth plate
55
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation with another bone
56
Periosteum
Tough connective tissue sheath and it's associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by Articular cartilage
57
Medullary cavity
Marrow cavity
Hollow space in diaphysis
Reduces weight
Has yellow bone marrow and blood vessels
58
Endosteum
Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
| Contains a single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount if connective tissue
59
Bone support
Supports soft tissue
| Attachment points for tendons
60
Bone blood cell production
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
61
Bone triglyceride storage
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which store triglycerides
These are potential chemical energy, reserves
62
Development of cartilage model
Cells in mesenchyme cluster -> chondroblasts -> chondrocytes ->
Lay down cartilage matrix and trap themselves
Perichondrium forms around cartilage model
63
Growth of cartilage model
Chondrocytes in center shaft get big
Cartilage matrix calcifies
Chondrocytes die (no nutrients)
Spaces left -> lacunae
64
Development of primary ossification center
| Endochondral ossification
```
Nutrient artery penetrate shaft
Cells in perichondrium -> osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts form
- make bone matrix, trap themselves
-> osteocytes
Trabeculae form -> spongy bone forms
```
65
Development of medullary cavity
| Endochondral ossification
Osteoclasts break down ctr shaft
| Edge of diaphysis spongy bone is replaced by compact bone
66
Development of secondary ossification center
| Endochondral ossification
2 more nutrient arteries penetrate epiphysis of cartilage model
Cells of periosteum -> osteogenic cells -> osteoblasts -> bone matrix -> trabeculae -> spongy bone
67
Skull features
Hard palate
Nasal septum
Zygomatic arch
Orbit
68
Hard palate
Roof of mouth
Maxillary + palatine
69
Nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone + vomer
70
Zygomatic arch
Temporal bone + zygomatic bone
71
Orbit
Palatine + lacrimal + ethmoid + zygomatic + frontal + maxillary + sphenoid
