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Biology > Chapter 6 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Osteogenic cell function..

A
  • Actively dividing stem cells for bone
  • the location is in the periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain bone tissue
  • differentiate into osteoblasts
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1
Q

Cells of bone tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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2
Q

Osteoblast function..

A 
Bone building cells 
secrete matrix 
trap them selves into matrix 
begin calcification 
differentiate into osteocytes
Located in periosteum, endosteum
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3
Q

Osteocyte function..

A

Mature bone cell, metabolically active cells, maintain bone tissue,
location Lacunae

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4
Q

Osteoclast function..

A

Bone breaking cells

location in the endosteum

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5
Q

Intramembraneous ossification stages..

A

Formation of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Formation of periosteum

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6
Q

Formation of ossification center.

A

Mesenchymal cells, cluster together
Differentiate to osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts secrete matrix and trap themselves.

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7
Q

Calcification

A

Trapped osteoblasts -> osteocytes
Osteocytes extend cytoplasmic projections forming canaliculi
~ few days matrix hardens (calcify)

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8
Q

Formation of trabeculae..

A

Osteoblasts continue to lay down matrix, forming trabeculae = spongy bone
BV’s grow in spaces btwn trabeculae
CT in walls give rise to red bone marrow

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9
Q

Formation of periosteum..

A

Edges of bone remodeled into compact bone

Periosteum forms outside of bone

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10
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Attach periosteum to bone

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11
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Around diaphysis of bone

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12
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Around osteon

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13
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Bits and pieces

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14
Q

Perforating canal

A

Between central canal

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15
Q

Canaliculi

A

Help transport nutrients between cells

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16
Q

Functions of bone

A 
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage
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17
Q

Structure of bone

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
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18
Q

Components of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Sternal angle
Gladiolus
Xiphoid process

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19
Q

Components of sacrum

A

Lateral mass
Auricular surface
Sacral foramina

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20
Q

Components of clavical

A

Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Superior surface

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21
Q

Occipital bone features

A

External occipital protuberance
Occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal (inside)

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22
Q

Sphenoid bone features

A 
Sella turcica
Optic foramen
Sphenoid sinus
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
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23
Q

Ethmoid bone features

A 
Perpendicular plate
Crista galli
Ethmoid sinus
Cribriform plate
Olfactory foramen
Nasal concha (superior, middle)
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24
Q

Mandible bone features

A

Mandibular condyle
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process

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25
Q

Temporal bone features

A 
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External auditory meatus
Carotid canal
Mastoid sinus
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26
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit

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27
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

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28
Q

Sulcus

A

Furrow along bone

29
Q

Condyle

A

Large round protuberance

30
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

31
Q

Epicondyle

A

Typically roughened projection above condyle

32
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection

33
Q

Tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection

34
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface

35
Q

Auditory ossicles features

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

36
Q

Rib bone features

A 
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Costal groove
Inferior margin
Shaft
37
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated lumbar curvature

38
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature

39
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated thoracic curvature

40
Q

Rib bone facts

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

8-10 false ribs
11 & 12 floating ribs

41
Q

(Bone growth)

Interstitial growth

A

Growth in length
Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line in adults

New cartilage on epiphyseal side, new bone on diaphyseal side

42
Q

(Bone growth)

Appositional growth

A

Growth in thickness
Fxn of periosteum - wraps around BV’s to outside of diaphysis, new bone matrix is produced, circumferential lamellae become concentric
+ new osteons
Osteoclasts work on medullary cavity at a slower rate than the osteoblasts on the outside of the bone

43
Q

Factors affecting bone growth

A 
Calcium + phosphorus
-fluoride, magnesium, manganese
Vit A - stimulates osteoblast activity
Vit C - for collagen synthesis 
Vit D - increase calcium absorption GI
Vit K & B12 - needed for bone proteins

Insulin life growth factors (IGF)
Human Growth Hormone

Estrogen/testosterone - growth spurt
T3/T4 - thyroid hormones

44
Q

Fractures

A 
Simple - closed
Compound - open sticks out of skin
Communited - pieces
Green stick - one side breaks
Impacted - bone driven in another
Potts - distal fibula
Colles - distal radius
45
Q

Fracture repair

A

Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling

46
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Massive blood clot
Inflammation, vasodilation
Osteoclasts and phagocytes (clean)

47
Q

Fibrocartilage callus formation

A

Cells from periosteum differentiate into chondroblasts
Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage matrix
Cells from periosteum -> fibroblasts ->
Form collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage callus bridges ends of bone

48
Q

Bony callus formation

A

Osteogenic cells of periosteum differentiate to osteoblasts

Osteoblasts replace fibrocartilage callus w/ bone callus

49
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Both osteoclasts + osteoblasts at work
(Bone to original shape)
Will be thicker and stronger

50
Q

Blood homeostatic range

A

9-11 mg / 100mL

If Ca2+ is too high - cardiac arrest
If too low - respiratory arrest

Regulation through negative feedback loops.

51
Q

Blood Ca2+ too low..

A 
Detected by parathyroid gland
Release hormone (parathyroid)

(Bone) increase osteoclasts activity
= more Ca2+ in blood

(Kidneys) retain Ca from urinary tract
Increase calcitriol production = Ca absorption increase in GI tract.

52
Q

Blood Ca2+ too high

A 
Thyroid gland (receptor, ctrl ctr)
Secrete calcitonin
Bone tissue (effector)
Increase osteoblast activity 
- increase bone deposition
53
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Development of cartilage model
  • Perichondrium forms around cartilage model
  • growth of cartilage model
  • development of primary ossification center
  • development of medullary cavity
  • development of secondary ossification center
  • development of Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
54
Q

Metaphysis

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis

Hyaline cartilage growth plate

55
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation with another bone

56
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue sheath and it’s associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by Articular cartilage

57
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Marrow cavity
Hollow space in diaphysis
Reduces weight
Has yellow bone marrow and blood vessels

58
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Contains a single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount if connective tissue

59
Q

Bone support

A

Supports soft tissue

Attachment points for tendons

60
Q

Bone blood cell production

A

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

61
Q

Bone triglyceride storage

A

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which store triglycerides
These are potential chemical energy, reserves

62
Q

Development of cartilage model

A

Cells in mesenchyme cluster -> chondroblasts -> chondrocytes ->
Lay down cartilage matrix and trap themselves
Perichondrium forms around cartilage model

63
Q

Growth of cartilage model

A

Chondrocytes in center shaft get big
Cartilage matrix calcifies
Chondrocytes die (no nutrients)
Spaces left -> lacunae

64
Q

Development of primary ossification center

Endochondral ossification

A 
Nutrient artery penetrate shaft
Cells in perichondrium -> osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts form
- make bone matrix, trap themselves
 -> osteocytes
Trabeculae form -> spongy bone forms
65
Q

Development of medullary cavity

Endochondral ossification

A

Osteoclasts break down ctr shaft

Edge of diaphysis spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

66
Q

Development of secondary ossification center

Endochondral ossification

A

2 more nutrient arteries penetrate epiphysis of cartilage model
Cells of periosteum -> osteogenic cells -> osteoblasts -> bone matrix -> trabeculae -> spongy bone

67
Q

Skull features

A

Hard palate
Nasal septum
Zygomatic arch
Orbit

68
Q

Hard palate

A

Roof of mouth

Maxillary + palatine

69
Q

Nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone + vomer

70
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Temporal bone + zygomatic bone

71
Q

Orbit

A

Palatine + lacrimal + ethmoid + zygomatic + frontal + maxillary + sphenoid

Biology (8 decks)

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