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Biology > Chapter 5 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A 
Regulates body temperature
Stores blood
Protects from external environment
Detects cutaneous sensations
Excretes and absorbs substances
Synthesizes Vit D
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1
Q

Components of integumentary system

A 
Hair
Skin
Nails
Oil and sweat glands
Sensory receptors
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2
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Deep to dermis (hypodermis)
Areolar and adipose tissue
Storage depot for fat

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3
Q

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

A

Nerve ending
Sensitive to pressure
In subcutaneous and sometimes dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis cells and tissue type

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intrepidermal macrophages
Tactile epithelial cells

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5
Q

Keratinocyte fxns

A

Produce protein keratin
Produce lamellar granules which release water repellant sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

Develop from ectoderm
Produce pigment melanin
Transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes
Susceptible to UV damage

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7
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow red to brown black
Absorbs UV light
In keratinocytes they cluster to form protective layer on side toward skin surface
Shield nuclear damage

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8
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages

A

From red bone marrow
(Langerhans cells)
Immune responses against microbes
Help cells recognize invading microbe and destroy it

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9
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A

Merkel cells
Least numerous of epidermal cells
Detect touch sensations
Deepest layer of epidermis

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10
Q

4 strata layers of epidermis

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

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11
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer of epidermis
Cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
(Stratum germanitivum)
Some cells are stem cells

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12
Q

Skin graft

A

Transfer patch of healthy skin to cover a wound

New skin cannot regenerate if injury destroys large area of stratum basale

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13
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers
Immune responses happen
Superficial to stratum basale

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14
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Middle of epidermis
3-5 layers
Keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
Cells move away from nutrients = degeneration

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15
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin

4-6 layers of flattened clear dead keratinocytes

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16
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes

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17
Q

Callus

A

Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum
Caused by constant exposure of skin friction which stimulates increased keratin production from increased cell production

18
Q

Keratinization

A

New cells in stratum basale causing them to push towards the surface
Accumulating more and more keratin

19
Q

How Keratinized cells die off

A

New keratinocytes are produced
Pushing excess ones away and towards the surface and away from nutrient source causing them to die off.

Increase in rate as more epidermis layers are stripped
(Abrasions and burns)

20
Q

Psoriasis

A

Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from stratum basale to stratum corneum
Shed prematurely in as little as 7-10 days

Treatments: topical ointments
Ultraviolet therapy

21
Q

Dermis

A

Second deeper part of skin
Dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen and elastic fibers
Great strength

22
Q

Papillary region

A 
1/5 of dermal layer
Thin collagen and elastic fibers
Surface area increased by dermal papillae 
Contain capillary loops 
And corpuscles (nerve ending)
23
Q

Reticular region

A 
Attached to subcutaneous layer
Bundles of thick collagen fiber
Some adipose
Collagen fibers arranged netlike more regular than papillary region
Extensibility and elasticity
24
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks
Internal damage to dermis layer
Skin is stretched too much
Small dermal blood vessels ruptured

25
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

Ridges and grooves on palms, soles, etc.
Straight lines or whorls
Produced 3rd month fetal dvlpmt
Increase surface area = increase sensitivity
Ducts of sweat glands help to produce fingerprints

26
Q

Dermatoglyphics

Tension lines

A

Study of pattern of epidermal ridges

Line of cleavage
Surgical incision parallel to collagen fibers will heal with only a fine scar

27
Q

Structural basis of skin color

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

28
Q

Albinism

Vitiligo

A

Inherited inability to produce melanin

loss of melanocytes from patches

29
Q

Skin color as diagnostic clue

A

Cyanotic - oxygen from lungs not getting to blood

Jaundice - build up of yellow pigment bilirubin in skin

Erythema - redness of skin, engorgement of capillaries in dermis

Pallor - paleness of skin (shock, anemia)

30
Q

Hair

A 
Dead Keratinized epidermal cells
Shaft - above surface 
Root - deep in dermis
Hair follicle - surrounds root
Dermal root sheath - surround follicle
Papilla of hair - indent bulb
31
Q

Arrector pili

Hair root plexus

A

Smooth muscle, from superficial dermis of skin to dermal root sheath around the side of hair follicle
90* position, stimuli cause goosebumps

Surrounds each hair follicle, generates nerve impulses

32
Q

Hair growth

A

Growth stage 2-6 years
Regression stage 2-3 weeks
Resting stage 3 months

33
Q

Types of hairs

A

Lanugo - fine no pigmented hairs
Terminal hairs - replace lanugo prior to birth
Vellus hairs - peach fuzz

34
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands
Connected to hair follicles
Secreting portion lies in dermis usually opens in neck of hair follicle
Secretes sebum
Mix of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts

35
Q

Sweat glands

Sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine sweat gland - most common

Apocrine - armpit, groin

36
Q

Nails

A 
Free edge
Nail body
Lunula
Nail root
Hyponychium - secures nail
37
Q

Vitamin D

A

UV rays + precursor

Enzymes in liver and kidney modify to calcitriol

38
Q

Inflammatory phase

Deep wound healing

A

Blood clot
Eliminate microbes
Vasodilation permeability

39
Q

Migratory phase

Deep wound healing

A

Clot becomes scab
Epithelial cells migrate to bridge wound
Fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue
Damaged blood vessels grow

40
Q

Proliferative phase

Deep wound healing

A

Epithelial growth continued growth of blood cells

41
Q

Maturation phase

Deep wound healing

A

Scab sloughs off
Epidermis restored to thickness
Blood vessels restored
Collagen fibers organized

42
Q

Scar tissue

A

Formation : fibrosis
Hypertrophic scar - raised above
Keloid - extends boundaries

Densely arranged collagen fibers
Decreased elasticity
Fewer blood vessels

Biology (8 decks)

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