Chapter 6 (Primate Biology)

Question 1

Prosimians

Answer 1

Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers

Question 2

New World Monkeys

Answer 2

Cebids

Marmosets

Question 3

Old World Monkeys

Answer 3

Baboons
Colobuses
Guenons

Question 4

Apes

Answer 4

Gibbons
Orangutans
Chimpanzees
Bonobos
Gorillas

Question 5

Differences between Primates and other mammals

Answer 5

Arboreal adaptations
Dietary Flexibility
Parental Investment

Question 6

Primate Physical Attributes

Answer 6

Versatile skeletal structure- highly mobile joints
Enhanced vision (color, depth)
Enhanced sense of touch (dermal ridges)

Question 7

Primate Parental Investment Attributes

Answer 7

Relatively few offspring at a time
Relatively long periods between births
Period of pre-adult care is long and intensive
All associates with size and complexity of primate brains.

Question 8

Primate General Information

Answer 8

High level of adaptability
Variety of anatomical and behavioral variation
Most are diurnal, few are nocturnal
Omnivorous diets (most species)
Diverse social groupings

Question 9

Power Grip

Answer 9

A fistlike grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions

Question 10

Precision Grip

Answer 10

A precise grip in which the tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation

Question 11

Preadaptation

Answer 11

An organism’s use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature’s original function

Question 12

Rhinarium

Answer 12

The naked surface around the nostril’s, typically wet in mammals.

Question 13

Y-5

Answer 13

Hominoids’ pattern of lower molar cusps

Question 14

Tooth Comb

Answer 14

Anterior teeth that have been tilted forward, creating a scraper

Question 15

Canine-premolar honing complex

Answer 15

Dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed

Question 16

Diastema

Answer 16

A space between two teeth

Question 17

What gives primates their dietary flexibility?

Answer 17

Multiple tooth types

Reduced number of teeth

Question 18

Olfactory Hub

Answer 18

areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing

Question 19

Grade

Answer 19

Group of organisms sharing the same complexity and level of evolution

Question 20

Clade

Answer 20

Group of organisms that evolved from common anestors

Question 21

Primitive Characteristics

Answer 21

Characteristics present in multiple species of a group

Question 22

Derived Characteristics

Answer 22

Characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group

Question 23

Hominin

Answer 23

Humans and humanlike anscestors

Question 24

Monkey or Ape?

Body Size

Answer 24

Monkey- generally smaller

Ape- generally bigger

Question 25

Monkey or Ape? | Posture/Locomotion

Answer 25

Monkey- generally horizontal body trunk | Ape- relatively vertical body trunk

Question 26

Monkey or Ape? | Body trunk

Answer 26

Monkey- Narrow | Ape- Broad

Question 27

Monkey or Ape? | Tail

Answer 27

Monkey- tail | Ape- no tail

Question 28

Monkey or Ape? | Lower Molars

Answer 28

Monkey- Bilophodont lower molar | Ape- Y-5 molar pattern

Question 29

Monkey or Ape? | Brain

Answer 29

Monkey- Relatively small | Ape- Relatively large

Question 30

Monkey or Ape? | Growth

Answer 30

Monkey- Relatively fast | Ape- Relatively slow

Question 31

Monkey or Ape? | Interspecies Variability

Answer 31

Monkey- High | Ape- Low

Question 32

Prehensile Tail

Answer 32

A tail that acts as a kind of a hand for support in trees, common in New World monkeys.

Question 33

Suspensory Apes

Answer 33

Anatomical differences include longer arms, longer fingers and toes, fingers are curved.

Question 34

Knuckle-Walking

Answer 34

Unique style of quadrupedal locomotion used by chimpanzees and gorillas.

Question 35

Strepsirhines

Answer 35

Lemurs, other prosimians etc (wet nose)

Question 36

Haplorhines

Answer 36

New World/Old World Monkeys and Apes (dry nose)

Question 37

Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? | Smell

Answer 37

Strepsirhine- More developed | Haplorhine- Less developed

Question 38

Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? | Vision

Answer 38

Strepsirhine- Nocturnal for many | Haplorhine- Diurnal

Question 39

Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? | Touch

Answer 39

Strepsirhine- Claws in some, less developed | Haplorhine- Nails, more developed

Question 40

Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? | Diet

Answer 40

Strepsirhine- More specialized, more teeth in some | Haplorhine- More generalized, reduced number of teeth

Question 41

Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? | Intelligence

Answer 41

Strepsirhine- Less developed, small brain | Haplorhine- More developed, larger brain

Question 42

Platyrrhine

Answer 42

New World Monkeys

Question 43

Catarrhine

Answer 43

Old World Monkeys and Apes

Question 44

Primate Defining Characteristics (get at least 10)

Answer 44

``` Tendency to erect posture Flexible generalized limb structure Hands and feet have grasping capability Opposable thumb Nails instead of claws Tactile pads for sense of touch Lack of dietary specialization Generalized dentition Enhanced vision, reduced smell Five digits/hand and foot Color vision Stereoscopic vision Eyes in front of face Increased brain size Long period of infant dependency Long period of gestation Reduced number of offspring Live in social groups Greater dependence on learned behavior ```