Chapter 13 The Past 10,000 Years (finished) Flashcards
When did domestication begin?
10,000 yBP
Domestication definition
The process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate.
Context for when domestication occurred?
Around 11,000 yBP a rapid warming trend occurred, which created new habitats favorable for plant domestication.
Effect of agriculture on population
Rapid population growth
Population control via warfare to acquire more land for agriculture
Effect of agriculture on the environment
generally, then list four specifics
Environmental degradation
Soil erosion due to over-farming, over-grazing, and deforestation of areas for fuel.
Over-fishing altering/collapsing coastal ecosystems.
Effect of agriculture and food processing on the human skull and mandible
(list of five direct effects 4x Reduced and 1x Decreased)
(summation of change)
Reduced facial growth
Reduced face and jaws
Reduced size and configuration of masticatory muscles
Decreased stimulation of bone growth in face and jaws
Reduced robusticity of face and jaws
Shorter, wider, more globular vault(skull orb size) with less-projecting face and less room for teeth.
Masticatory-functional hypothesis
Craniofacial shape change was related to consumption of softer foods
Effect of transitioning to agriculture on skeletal characteristics
Long bone cross-sections reduced over time, becoming less robust.
Decrease in osteoarthritis (due to reduced wear in joints)
Periosteal Reaction
Inflammatory response of a bone’s outer covering due to bacterial infection or from trauma
Treponematoses
group of diseases
A group of related diseases Venereal syphilis yaws endemic syphilis caused by the bacteria 'Treponema', which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae
Dental Caries
disease
A disease process that creates demineralized areas in dental tissues, leading to cavities, due to acids produced by bacteria that live in dental plaque
Nutritional Consequences of Early Agriculture
Missing nutrients leading to reduced growth and abnormal development
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Blood has insufficient iron, may be caused by diet, poor iron absorption, parasitic infection, and severe blood loss.
Heme Iron
Iron found in red meat, fish, and poultry- that the body absorbs efficiently.
Nonheme Iron
Iron found in lentils and beans- that is less efficiently absorbed by the body than is heme iron.
Porotic Hyerostosis
Expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease
Cribra Orbitalia
Porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease
With All These Problems, Why Did Humanity Stick To Farming?
The goal is to survive to reproductive years and reproduce, improvements beyond that are superfluous.
Current World Population
7.4 Billion Humans
Population Trends in History
2000- 6.1 Billion
2011- 7 Billion
This number could rise to >9 billion in the next 50 years.
Demography
The statistical study of human populations, especially their size and distribution.
Changes in population = births, deaths, migration
Reason for decline in births in developed regions
Better education for women and family planning
Developed Country Attributes
list 5
People live longer Increase in motivation to limit population Greater access to birth control Better medical care Better diet
Developing Country Attributes
list 5
Increased mortality rate Birth control not always available or allowed Poor medical care Poor diet Sanitation issues/disease
