Chapter 13 The Past 10,000 Years (finished) Flashcards

1
Q

When did domestication begin?

A

10,000 yBP

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2
Q

Domestication definition

A

The process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate.

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3
Q

Context for when domestication occurred?

A

Around 11,000 yBP a rapid warming trend occurred, which created new habitats favorable for plant domestication.

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4
Q

Effect of agriculture on population

A

Rapid population growth

Population control via warfare to acquire more land for agriculture

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5
Q

Effect of agriculture on the environment

generally, then list four specifics

A

Environmental degradation
Soil erosion due to over-farming, over-grazing, and deforestation of areas for fuel.
Over-fishing altering/collapsing coastal ecosystems.

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6
Q

Effect of agriculture and food processing on the human skull and mandible
(list of five direct effects 4x Reduced and 1x Decreased)
(summation of change)

A

Reduced facial growth
Reduced face and jaws
Reduced size and configuration of masticatory muscles
Decreased stimulation of bone growth in face and jaws
Reduced robusticity of face and jaws
Shorter, wider, more globular vault(skull orb size) with less-projecting face and less room for teeth.

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7
Q

Masticatory-functional hypothesis

A

Craniofacial shape change was related to consumption of softer foods

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8
Q

Effect of transitioning to agriculture on skeletal characteristics

A

Long bone cross-sections reduced over time, becoming less robust.
Decrease in osteoarthritis (due to reduced wear in joints)

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9
Q

Periosteal Reaction

A

Inflammatory response of a bone’s outer covering due to bacterial infection or from trauma

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10
Q

Treponematoses

group of diseases

A
A group of related diseases
Venereal syphilis 
yaws 
endemic syphilis
caused by the bacteria 'Treponema', which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae
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11
Q

Dental Caries

disease

A

A disease process that creates demineralized areas in dental tissues, leading to cavities, due to acids produced by bacteria that live in dental plaque

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12
Q

Nutritional Consequences of Early Agriculture

A

Missing nutrients leading to reduced growth and abnormal development

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13
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Blood has insufficient iron, may be caused by diet, poor iron absorption, parasitic infection, and severe blood loss.

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14
Q

Heme Iron

A

Iron found in red meat, fish, and poultry- that the body absorbs efficiently.

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15
Q

Nonheme Iron

A

Iron found in lentils and beans- that is less efficiently absorbed by the body than is heme iron.

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16
Q

Porotic Hyerostosis

A

Expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease

17
Q

Cribra Orbitalia

A

Porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease

18
Q

With All These Problems, Why Did Humanity Stick To Farming?

A

The goal is to survive to reproductive years and reproduce, improvements beyond that are superfluous.

19
Q

Current World Population

A

7.4 Billion Humans

20
Q

Population Trends in History

A

2000- 6.1 Billion
2011- 7 Billion
This number could rise to >9 billion in the next 50 years.

21
Q

Demography

A

The statistical study of human populations, especially their size and distribution.
Changes in population = births, deaths, migration

22
Q

Reason for decline in births in developed regions

A

Better education for women and family planning

23
Q

Developed Country Attributes

list 5

A
People live longer
Increase in motivation to limit population
Greater access to birth control
Better medical care
Better diet
24
Q

Developing Country Attributes

list 5

A
Increased mortality rate
Birth control not always available or allowed
Poor medical care
Poor diet
Sanitation issues/disease