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Introduction to Computer Science > Chapter 6 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Powerpoint Flashcards

From the powerpoint

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1
Q

What is a naked machine

A

A machine that has no tools or programs to help the user

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2
Q

What type of tools or programs does a non- naked machine have

A
  • Write instructions in binary
  • Write data in binary
  • Load instructions into memory one cell at a time
  • Initiate program run
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3
Q

What were the problems with using a naked machine

A

It quickly became too difficult for humans to do. An interface had to be developed to hide the details and make the computer easier to build.

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4
Q

What is System software

A

A collection of programs to manage resources of the computer and to serve as an intermediary between user and hardware

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5
Q

What does system software create

A

A virtual machine or a virtual environment that the user sees.

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6
Q

What is an operating system considered

A

The single most important piece of software on the computer

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7
Q

What are the components of an operating system

A 
The user interface
Memory managers
i/0 Systems
Utilities
Language services
Information Managers
Scheduler
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8
Q

What is the general function of system software

A
  • Communicates with users
  • Determines what they want
  • Activates other system programs, applications, packages or user programs
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9
Q

Describe characteristics of language services within the system software

A

Language services support high level languages

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10
Q

Describe characteristics of memory managers within the system software

A

Memory managers allocate memory to programs

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11
Q

Describe characteristics of Information managers within the system software

A

Information managers organize mass storage

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12
Q

Describe characteristics of scheduler managers within the system software

A

Scheduler manages programs waiting to run

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13
Q

What are some utilities inside of system software

A

Tools including program libraries

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14
Q

What is a gui

A

A visual interface to the virtual machine including operating system and system programs and user programs.

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15
Q

What various devices do the I/O systems communicate with

A

Printers
Scanners
Keyboards
Mice

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16
Q

What are the 5 functions of a virtual machine

A

1) write program using text editor in high-level language
2) save program to folder
3) use translator to convert to binary
4) Use scheduler to load and run
5) use I/0 system to print results

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17
Q

What is the other name for low level programming language

A

Assembly language

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18
Q

What are the properties of assembly language

A
  • Instructions map one-to-one to machine language
  • Symbolic op codes (not binary)
  • Symbolic addresses for instructions and data
  • Pseudo-ops for data generation and more (data in human-friendly terms)
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19
Q

What are two advantages of assembly language over machine code

A
  • Clarity, readability and maintainability

* Can be placed at different locations in memory

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20
Q

What are some examples of High level programming languages

A

Java, C++, Python

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21
Q

What are the advantages of high level programming languages over assembly language

A
  • More powerful: One high level instruction may provide multiple machine instructions
  • User oriented
  • Not Machine Specific
  • Use both natural language and mathematical notation
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22
Q

What is the assembly language process

A
  1. The source program (assembly language)
  2. Translated by the assembler to
  3. object program
  4. loader places in memory
  5. Hardware runs
  6. Results
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23
Q

Are comments in assembly language processed by the assembler

A

Comments are ignored by the assembler- they’re for human use

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24
Q

What does pseudo-op commands in the (assembly language) program do

A

Commands in the program directed to the assembler, not converted to machine instructions.

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25
Q

What is the function of the assembler in relation to assembly language

A

Converts symbolic op codes to binary equivalents
Converts symbolic labels to memory addresses
Performs pseudo-op
Writes object file containing machine instructions

26
Q

What is the function of the loader in relation to the assembly language

A

Places instructions in memory

Triggers the hardware to run the program

27
Q

How does assembler convert symbolic op codes to binary ones

A

Assembler maintains a table
Assembler looks up the symbolic op codes in the table and substitutes the binary analogue
Use binary search to optimize table lookups

28
Q

When converting symbolic labels to memory addresses using assembly language how many passes does the assembler need

A

Assembler needs two passes - needs to look over assembly code two times

29
Q

What occurs on the first pass of the assembler

A
  • Keeps a count of how many instructions from the start

* Collects symbolic labels and add to symbol table along with location counter

30
Q

What occurs on the second pass of the assembler

A
  • Looks up and replace op codes
  • Substitutes label references with location from symbol table
  • Sets up .DATA pseudo-ops with location and binary value
  • Writes instructions to object file
31
Q

What are system commands

A

User instructions about what the computer should do

32
Q

What are typical operating system commands

A

Load a program
Run a program
Save information in a file or a directory
Retrieve a file previously stored
List all the files for this user
Delete or rename a file
Print a file on a specified I/O device
Copy a file from one I/O device to another
Establish a network connection
Let user set or change a password
Tell how much memory or data storage is being used

33
Q

Describe the function of a user interface in an operating system

A

User communicates with an operating system

34
Q

Describe the text based functions of an operating system

A

System commands typed at a prompt in a terminal

Command language must be learned

35
Q

Describe the GUI-based functions of an operating system

A

System commands by a visual /mouse interface

36
Q

What is the built in system security and protection in an operating system

A

Permit only authorized access to resources. Uses operating system as a security guard

37
Q

How is access to the operating systems resources regulated

A

Access is protected by usernames and passwords.
Superusers have more privileges
Encrypt data to increase security

38
Q

What is another way that access is regulated in relation to folders and files

A

Both folders and files have authorization lists that allow a user to read a file, add new information to a file, change existing information and delete a file

39
Q

What are the three permissions that a file or folder can have

A

Read
Write
Execute

40
Q

What is the “receptionist” in an operating system

A

User interface management

41
Q

What is the “security guard” in an operating system

A

Control of access to system and data files

42
Q

What is the “dispatcher” in an operating system

A

Program scheduling activation

43
Q

What is the “efficiency expert” in an operating system

A

Efficient resource allocation

44
Q

What is the “traffic officer” in an operating system

A

Deadlock and error detection

45
Q

When does a deadlock occur

A

A deadlock occurs when multiple programs are requesting the resources that each one is currently using.

46
Q

What is an example of a safe use of resources

A

Ensuring that the computer doesn’t get stuck in deadlock

47
Q

What is deadlock prevention

A

If you cannot get all of the resources then release all that you have and try again later

48
Q

What is deadlock recovery

A

If no acknowledgement, send message again

49
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: First Generation (nearly) “naked computer”

A

Programmer hand loaded programs

50
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Second Generation “batch operating systems”

A

Programmers gave programs to operators
Operators collected a “batch” of programs
Job control language: Instructions to OS

51
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Third Generation: Multiprogrammed operating systems

A

Multiple programs loaded at once
Switch between programs when I/O happens
Computer Security now required

52
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Third generation: Time-sharing system

A

Multiprogrammed, but users are on the system interactively.
Users need an illusion of sole access
Allocate run times in time slices - each program runs until I/O OR time runs out

53
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Fourth Generation: Network Operating System

A

Operating system supports all the same local services

Also supports services that access resources that are available over a network

54
Q

What are some examples of services that access resources that are available over a network

A

Shared printer
Servers: email, data, web
Connections to the internet

55
Q

What are real-time operating systems or embedded systems

A

Special-purpose computers in other equipment

56
Q

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Fifth Generation

A

Multimedia interfaces
Parallel Processing System
Distributed Computing Environment

57
Q

What is an example of multimedia interfaces

A

Integrate images, speech and video seamlessly

58
Q

What is the function of a parallel processing system

A

Performs multimedia and to permit larger scale tasks

59
Q

What is the function of distributed computing environments

A

Users don’t know where resources are stored

60
Q

What is an example of Distributed Computing Environment

A

Cloud computing

Introduction to Computer Science (7 decks)

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