Chapter 6: Physiology II Part 2 Flashcards
Function of crop
- food storage to feed babies, storage before digestion
- stores and moistens food
What is the proventriculus?
- ## Gastric glands secrete digestive enzymes, including pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which break down the proteins in food
What is the gizzard?
- crushes and grinds food
Faunivory
eats animals
Frugivory
eats fruit
Nectarivory
- eats nectar
Gramnivory
- eats grass
Herbivory
eats plants
Describe intestine length in terms of diet for birds
The intestine tends to be short in species that feed on fruit, meat, and insects and long in species that feed on seeds, plants, and fish
What are colic ceca?
In addition, ceca produce antibodies that fight disease organisms, aid the absorption of water, and aid in the metabolism of uric acid into amino acids
Divisions of cloaca
- Coprodeum
- Urodeum
- Proctodeum
- flow through cloaca, and from deferen duct, moves together into urodem and proctodeum
Describe how foraging time and energy intake are related
Describe the changes of fat deposition
Annual cycles of fat deposition in a temperate-zone migrant (White-crowned Sparrow: breeding and migration), a temperate-zone non-migrant (House Sparrow: consistent), and a tropical non-migrant (Yellow-vented Bulbul: consistent).
Routes of water gain vs. loss
GAIN=LOSS
liquid water, preformed water, metabolic water = ====evaporation, urine and feces, and salt glands
as body mass increases, water loss decreases
How to move water
In order to move water, solutes (primarily sodium chloride must be transported to create an osmotic gradient
Bowman’s capsule
- general form of a vertebrate nephron at the end where primary urine is formed
2 types of nephrons
- avian reptilian type
- avian mammalian type
Avian Reptillian Type
- most avian nephrons, lack loops of henle
Avian Mammalian type
- have loops of Henle, necessary for concentrating urine, much like mammalian kidneys
- found deep within kidney, very long loops that extend into medullary cone
Urine use in birds
- Urine can move backwards into the gut, where water and salt can be absorbed before the waste products are expelled through the vent
- Especially important for birds that do not obtain much water from their diet
Nitrogenous waste
- NH3, ammonia
Uric Acid
- type of paste for waste in birds
- less toxic than straight ammonia, saves water for body
Salt glands in birds
- Water can only be transported by the creation of a concentration gradient
- The concentration of the salt solution secreted from the salt glands varies with the habitat and diet of the bird
- The activity of the salt gland depends on a bird’s recent exposure to salt, as the gland will grow with use and shrink with disuse
Salt gland process in birds
- excess salt contacts nasal gland
(NaCl transporters) - salty water excreted through nasal cavity
- thousands of secretory tubules, secretory cells actively transport NaCl from blood into tubules
