Chapter 6: Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe similarities of birds to mammals

A
  • both are endotherms
  • Birds and mammals regulate their body temperatures to be just below temperatures that destroy body proteins
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2
Q

Describe differences in birds vs. mammals

A

birds have:
Higher metabolic rate
Higher body temperature
Higher cardiac output
More efficient respiratory system
Higher blood pressure
Higher blood sugar concentration

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3
Q

External nares

A
  • can have operculum and ceres
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4
Q

Operculum

A

convers and protects nostrils

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5
Q

Cere

A
  • soft, fleshy, typically bare patch at the base of the upper side of the bill
  • may play role in respiration or smell
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6
Q

Turbinates

A
  • conchae
  • Surfaces of the conchae cleanse and heat the air before it enters the respiratory tract
  • nasal passages bring air into oral cavity
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7
Q

Glottis

A
  • opening to the trachea and larynx
  • in the floor of the pharynx, surrounded by pharynx
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8
Q

Trachea

A

The typical bird trachea is 2.7 times longer and 1.29 times wider than that of similarly-sized mammals
- larynx(cartilaginous rings) is a valve that allows air into the trachea

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9
Q

Syrinx

A
  • located at the lower end of the trachea, and above the bronchial entrances
  • voice-box of birds, where trachea divides into lungs
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10
Q

Describe the 3 types of syrinx

A
  • tracheal syrinx: one trachea passage, surrounded by lots of muscle, one narrow opening into bronchus
  • bronchial syrinx: wide trachea, small amounts of muscle, splits into 2 passageways to 2 separate bronchus
  • tracheobronchial syrinx: mediator of muscle, wide trachea, has pessulus at the top of the divide into two bronchus passages
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11
Q

Describe relationship between the lungs and the air sacs (also can be known as unidirectional ventilation)

A
  • expiration: airs sacs can hold air before oxygen exchange (posterior air sacs) in the lungs or inspiration: after the air has left the lungs (anterior air sacs)
    -expiration: anterior air sacs lead out into environment
  • air can travel over cervical air sacs in order to create bird calls and sounds
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12
Q

What are parabronchi?

A

-tightly packed, thick‐walled tubes
- Walls contain hundreds of air vesicles within the tissue, sometimes called air capillaries, which intertwine with a network of blood capillaries

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13
Q

Cross current ventilation

A
  • air flow going through air vessel one direction, blood flow going through blood capillary in the other direction
  • across air flow, oxygen is high and slowly decreases; CO2 is low and slowly increases
  • across blood flow, CO2 is high and slowly decreases; oxygen is low and slowly increases
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14
Q

Which muscles are used for ventilation?

A

the intercostal muscles, encompass around the sternum and ribcage

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15
Q

How do gases cross the eggshell in birds and diffuse into the embryo?

A
  • pores in the eggshell allow air to pass the allantois and chorion membranes for the egg to get air
  • pores carry oxygen to the chorioallantois(respiratory membrane) over the outer and inner shell membrane
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16
Q

Name chambers of bird heart

A
  • right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle
17
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood (rich in carbon dioxide) from the head and body via the caval veins

18
Q

Right ventricle

A

pumps that blood from right atrium into the pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated in the lungs

19
Q

Left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

20
Q

Left ventricle

A

contracts to pump that blood into the aorta for distribution throughout the body
- wall thicker than right ventricle, since pumping blood requires lots more power

21
Q

Bird vs. human hearts

A
  • Birds tend to have larger hearts than mammals (relative to body size and mass)
  • Avian hearts also tend to pump more blood per unit time than mammalian hearts
22
Q

Name the main bird arteries

A
  • large renal artery from top to bottom, branches into limbs and bottom
  • one pectoral artery
  • has left and right subclavican artery
  • pulmonary arteries in lungs
  • brachial arteries in wings
23
Q

name 2 main venous systems in birds

A
  • Hepatic portal system
  • Renal Portal System
24
Q

Hepatic Portal system

A
  • blood from GI tract that goes back to liver (filters out toxins)
  • hepatic veins from liver, Portal veins back to liver
25
Q

Renal Portal System

A
  • blood flow through kidneys before it goes back to the heart
26
Q

Name blood cells in birds

A
  • Red blood cells (nucleated)

Types of White blood cells:
* Lymphocytes
* heterophils
* Monocytes
* Eosinophils

27
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • carry oxygenated blood
28
Q

White blood cells

A
  • help fight bodily infections, leukocytes
29
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • some associated with digestion
  • produce antibodies
  • involved in immune response
30
Q

Heterophils

A
  • phagocytic leukocytes
  • great ability to kill off bacteria/antigens
31
Q

monocytes

A

help fight off infection

32
Q

eosinophils

A
  • fight off parasites, fungi, allergens