Chapter 6: Personality disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

At what point are you diagnosed as having a personality disorder?

A

When your behaviour patterns become so inflexible or maladaptive that they cause personal distress or impair functioning in the social/occupational realms.

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2
Q

what are personality disorders?

A

Types of abnormal behaviour patterns involving excessively rigid patterns of behaviour or ways of relating to others that ultimately become self-defeating because their rigidity prevents adjustment to external demands

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3
Q

Ego syntonic

A

behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self

  • someone with a personality disorder
  • often don’t seek treatment because they think its just how they are
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4
Q

Ego Dystonic

A

behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self identity

  • someone who has experienced a trauma
  • high anxiety
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5
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Characterized by odd or eccentric behaviour

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6
Q

Types fo Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid Personality
Schizoid personality
Schizotypal personality

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7
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Cluster A (odd/eccentric)

characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the movies of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions

2.3-4.4%

more men than women

trust issues
anxious
want control
difficulty maintaining/making relationships

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8
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Cluster A

Characterized by a persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal

social isolation is key feature

3.1%

more common in men

men will rarely date/marry; women more likely to date/marry due to social conventions/pressures (but women will be passive in accepting romantic advances and will not initiate relationships or develop strong attachments to their partners

asexual

rarely express emotions, are aloof and distant
But their emotions are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia

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9
Q

Schizotypal Personality disorder

A

Cluster A
Characterized by eccentricities or oddities of thought and behaviour but WITHOUT clearly psychotic features

People who have difficulties forming close relationships and whose behaviour, mannerisms, and though patterns are peculiar or odd but not disturbed enough to merit a diagnosis of schizophrenia

slightly more common in males

3%

still want relationships

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10
Q

Cluster B disorders

A

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour

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11
Q

Types of cluster B disorders

A

Antisocial personality disorder (and psychopathy)
borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder

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12
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Cluster B

chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behaviour and lack of remorse

violate the rights of others, break laws

more common in men

prevalence: 1.7-3.7%

can’t be diagnosed until you’re 18 years old (under 19 you are diagnosed with a conduct disorder > violate rules, violence towards animals, bed-wetting)

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13
Q

Psychopathy

A

Cluster B
related to antisocial personality disorder

affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combined with persistent violations of social norms. A socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle and impulsiveness

many people end up in jail

many businessmen display psychopathy

rates go down as you age, people learn adaptive techniques

only a minority of people with psychopathic personality become psychopaths

Factor 1: more stable
Factor 2: remit over their 40s and 50s

no racial or ethnic differences in rates of disorder

around the world, not culture bound

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14
Q

Psychophysiological and biological factors related to antisocial personality and psychopathy

A
  • lack of emotional responsiveness
  • craving for stimulation model
  • lack of restraint on impulsivity
  • limbic abnormalities (amygdala impacted)
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15
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Cluster B

pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self image, and mood
lack of control over impulses
uncertain about their values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps sexual orientations

cannot tolerate being aloe and will make desperate efforts to avoid feelings of abandonment

2% of populations

75% more common in women

ex. Hitler “all-ornothing” thinking characteristic of BPD

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16
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Cluster B
ex. models/actresses
excessive need to be the centre of attention, and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others
Overly dramatic and emotional

more commonly diagnosed in women

1.84% prevalence in population

17
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Cluster B

adoption of an inflated self-image, demands constant attention and admiration

one-sided relationships
concerned about success/power
brag about accomplishments and expects others to shower them with praise even if their accomplishments are ordinary
prevalence rate: 0-6.2% of community samples

more common in males

18
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious or fearful behaviour

19
Q

Cluster C disorders

A

Avoidant personality
dependent personality disorder
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

20
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Cluster C
avoidance of social relationships due too fears of rejection
loners isolation

unwilling to enter relationships without ardent reassurance or acceptance. As a result tend to have few close relationships outside of family
avoid group occupational or recreational activities

equally common in men and women

2.4% of general population
comorbidity with social phobias

21
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Cluster C

difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behaviour
excessive need to be taken care of by others

more frequent in women: diagnosis often applied to women who fear abandonment, tolerate husbands who openly cheat on them, abuse them or gamble away family resources

0.6%

22
Q

Obsessive Compulsive personality disorder

A

cluster C

rigid ways of communicating with others
perfectionist tendencies
lack of spontaneity
excessive attention to details, need for orderliness

2.1-7.9%

2x more common in men

23
Q

problems with classification

A

Undetermined reliability and validity

  • gender bias
  • just need 6/9

overlap among disorders

difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behaviour

24
Q

Psychodynamic perspective : Hans Kohut

A

Hans Kohut
- self: psychology: describes processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or in narcissistic personality a grandiose sense of self

25
Q

Psychodynamic perspective: Otto Kernberg

A

splitting
- term used to describe inability of some persons (esp. those with borderline personalities) to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings

26
Q

Psychodynamic perspective: Margaret Mahler

A

Symbiotic
- describe state of oneness that normally exists between a mother and infant which the infants identity is fused with the mothers

Separation-individuation

27
Q

Learning perspectives

A

tend to focus on acquisition of behaviour than on the notion of enduring personality traits
Use maladaptive behaviour instead of personality traits

28
Q

Family Perspectives

A

link a history of physical or sexual abuse or neglect in childhood to the development of personality disorders

29
Q

Cognitive Behavioural perspectives

A

problem solving therapy focuses on helping people develop more effective problem solving skills

30
Q

Biological perspectives

A

genetic factors
twin studies
neuropsychological factors
- Gray: reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST)

31
Q

Sociocultural views

A

low income family, teenage parent family, lone parent family, low parental education, and family dysfunction are associated with vulnerability to one or more behavioural problems in young children

32
Q

Psychodynamic approaches

A

become more aware of the root of the self-defeating behaviour pattern and learn more adaptive ways of relating to others

33
Q

Behavioural approaches

A

change behaviour rather than personality

34
Q

biological approaches

A

drug therapy does not work

35
Q

Treatment: Canadian Treatment services

A
  1. psychotherapy should focus on reducing the extremeness of traits and bring them into client awareness
  2. given historical perspectives so that the patient can see how their behaviour is shaped by the past
  3. involves changes