Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 239 > Chapter 11: Abnormal psychology across lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Abnormal psychology across lifespan Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Why are psychological problems that affect children so poignant?

A

Because children haven’t developed coping strategies yet

some prevent children from reaching their potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When dealing with children with psychological issues what must be considered

A

development issues of children

what is normal for that age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

characterized by pervasive deficits in the ability to relate to and communicate with others, and by a restricted range of activities and interests

  • lifelong condition
  • spans all socioeconomic levels
  • fours time for common in boys
  • can’t be diagnosed before age 3
  • becomes evident between the ages of 18-30 months (age range when kids get vaccines)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Features of autism spectrum disorder

A

aloneness, language, and communication problems, ritualistic/sterotyped behaviours

echolalia, pronoun reversal, made up words
twirling, flapping hands, or rocking back and forth with arms around knees

mutilate themselves, bang their head, slap their face, bite their hands and shoulders, or pull out their hair

preservation of sameness: aversion to environmental changes

intellectual development lags below the norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychodynamic perspectives

A

Early views focused on pathological family relationships
Kanner + Eisenberg: cold-detached parents to blame
Bettelheim: extreme sel-absorption deficit that limits them to processing only one stimulus at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Lovaas, et al.: have a perceptual deficit that limits them to processing only one stimulus at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological perspective

A

have a period of overgrowth of brain size early in postnatal development followed by a significant slowed growth resulting in a brain volume smaller than average for children aged 5-16

Smaller corpus callous: impact lateralization (the development process by which the left hemisphere specializes in verbal and analytic functions, while the right hemisphere specializes in non-verbal and spatial functions)

underdeveloped mirror neurons leading to social deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of autism spectrum disorder

A
  • focus on behavioural, education, and communication deficits
  • highly intensive and structured
  • importance of early intervention
  • comorbid with OCD
  • haldol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haldol

A

may help reduce social withdrawal and repetitive motor behaviour, aggression, hyperactivity, and self-injurious behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Involved a broad delay in the development of cognitive and social functioning

assessed by a combination of formal intelligence tests and observation of adaptive functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 criteria for an intellectual disability

A

need all three

An IQ score of approximately 70 or below on an intelligence test
Evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive behaviour
Onset of the disorder before the age of 18 (after 18 it could be dementia, or brain damage related)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevalence rate of intellectual disabilities

A

7.18 in 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common level of intellectual disability?

A

mild
IQ score of 55-70
can reach grand 6 level
90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

occurs in 1 in 800 births with an increased likelihood as parents age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

physical features of down syndrome

A

round face
broad flat nose
downward sloping folds of skin at the inside corners of the eyes = slanted eyes
protruding tongue
small hands and short fingers
curved 5th finger
disproportionately small arms and legs in relation to their bodies

nearly all these children have MR, and may suffer from physical problems such as malformation of the heart and respiratory difficulties

most die by middle aged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Children with down syndrome

A

learning and development difficulties
uncoordinated due to lack of muscle tone
memory deficits
difficult following instructions and expressing their thoughts or needs clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

belived to be caused by mutated gene on the X chromosome
the defective gene is located in an area of the chromosome that appears fragile hence the name
causes Mental retardation in 1/1000-1500 males and (generally less severe) mental handicaps in about 1/2000-2500 females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic disorder that prevents the metabolization of phenylpruvic acid leading to mental retardation.

  • 1/10,000 births
  • placed on low PKU diet
  • detected through urine and blood tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

disease of lipid metabolism that is genetically transmitted and usually results in death in early childhood

  • recessive gene on chromosome 15
  • effects mostly jews of eastern Europe ancestry, and french Canadians
  • children experience gradual loss of muscle control, deafness, blindness, retardation, and paralysis
  • usually die before the age of 5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of intellectual disability

A

prenatal causes

cultural-familiar causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prenatal factors of intellectual disability

A
  • crytomegalovirus: maternal disease of the herpes virus group that carries a risk of intellectual disability to the unborn child
  • maternal smoking or drinking (FASD): linked to the development of ADHD

birth complications: O2 deprivation or head injuries, prematurity, brain infections, traumas, toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cultural-familial causes of intellectual disability

A

cultural-familal retardation: milder form of intellectual disability that is believed to result, or at least be influenced by, impoverishment in the child’s home environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

intervention

A

inlcusion/integration

behavioural approaches

24
Q

inclusion/integration

A

least restrictive environment

accommodations and modifications

25
Q

behavioural approaches

A
  • teach persons with more severe retardation such as basic hygienic behaviours (tooth brushing)
  • shape the desired behaviour by using verbal instruction, physical guidance, and rewards
  • social-skills training
    • help with adjusting to like in the community
  • anger management
26
Q

learning disorder

A

deficiency in a specific learning ability noteworthy because of the individual’s general intelligence and exposure to learning opportunities
- have average to above average intelligence (if lower than 70 it is an intellectual disability)

27
Q

Dyslexia

A

type of learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability that may involve difficulty with the alphabet or spelling

  • most common learning disorder, 80%
  • children have poorly developed skills in recognizing letters and words and comprehending text
  • apparent by age 7, sometimes recognized earlier
28
Q

mathematics disorder

A

deficiencies in arithmetic skills, problem understanding basic mathematical terms or operations, decoding mathematical symbols, learning sequential facts
may become apparent as early as grade 1 (6 years) but is not generally recognized until grade 3 (age 8)

29
Q

Dysgraphia

A

disorder of written expression
5-10%
errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs
severe writing difficulties apparent by age 7, milder cases not recognized until age 10

30
Q

Theoretical perspectives for learning disorders

A

neurobiological
- sensory processing dysfunction

genetic factors

  • people whose parents have dyslexia are at a greater risk
  • higher concordance rates for dyslexia in MZ twins (70%) vs. DZ (40%)
31
Q

Intervention for learning disorders

A

individual education plan

increase child self-esteem

32
Q

individual education plan

A

contractual document that contains learning and behavioural outcomes for a student, a description of how the outcomes will be achieved and a description of how the outcomes will be evaluated

33
Q

ADHS

A

behavioural disorder of childhood characterized by excessive motor activity and inability to focus one’s attention

  • need to meet 6 criteria to be diagnosed (either have it or you don’t)
  • subtypes: inattentive; hyperactive (distractible type); or a mix of both
  • prevalence: 5-10% in children 6-14
  • boys 2x more common, 6-8 year olds had higher rates than 12-14 year olds.
  • needs to be prevalent in the school, community and home (at least in two places)
34
Q

Features of ADHD

A

tend to do more poorly in school than their peers
- fail to follow or remember instructions and complete assignments
more likely to have a learning disability, to repeat grades, and to be placed in special ed. classes
greater risk for mood and anxiety disorders
problems getting along with family members
unpopular
tend to get in fights

35
Q

Theoretical perspectives of ADHD

A

biological
areas of brain involve in regulating the processes of attention, inhibition of motor (movement) behaviour, and excitative control

environemtnal
children who have ADHD were found to be 2.5x more likely than other children to have had prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

36
Q

Treatment of ADHD

A

Ritalin

CBT

37
Q

Ritalin

A

stimulant brand of drugs
calming effects, increasing attention spans, and reduces impulsivity, over activity, and disruptive, annoying, or aggressive behaviour
successful in helping about three out of four children with ADHD
may cause loss of appetite or insomnia, agitation, hallucinations, retard a child’s growth, and in rare cases can result in cardiac arrest, stroke, or sudden death

38
Q

CBT for ADHD

A

combines behaviour modification, typically based on reinforcement and cognitive modifications

39
Q

Conduct disorder

A

more severe pattern of abnormal behaviour in childhood characterized by disruptive, antisocial behaviour (antisocial-like, precurcsor to antisocial personality disorder)

3.3%
more common in boys
features appear before age 10
boys: stealing, fighting, vandalism, or disciplinary problems at school
girls: lying, truancy, running away, substance abuse, prostitution

40
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A

disorder in childhood/adolescence characterized by excessive oppositional or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others

  • precursor to CD (before age of 8)
  • more closely related to non delinquent behvaiours
  • one of the most common diagnoses in children (6-12%)
  • features: negativstic, defiant of authority, tendency to argue with parents and teachers, refuse to follow requests from adult, may deliberately annoy people, become easily angered or lose temper, become touchy or easily annoyed, blame others, feel resentful towards others, act spiteful towards others
  • many grow out of it
41
Q

Learning theory of ODD

A

arising from parental use of inappropriate reinforcement strategies

  • negative reinforcement
  • may be linked to unassertive and ineffective parenting styles
42
Q

Families of CD

A

tend to be characterized by negative, coercive interactions
family members use negative behaviours such as threatening or yelling at the child or using physical means of coercion
pushing, grabbing, spanking, hitting…

43
Q

treatment of disruptive behaviours

A
  • programs or treatment settings with explicit rules and clear rewards for obeying them may offer greater promise
  • rewards and punishments
  • anger management
  • calming self-talks

very hard to change CD! lots of CBT

do not give attention to the negative behaviour, but give huge praise for appropriate behaviour

44
Q

Separation Anxiety disorder

A

childhood condition characterized by extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom the child is dependent

  • usually follows a stressful life event
    features: tend to follow family members around, voice concerns about death and dying, insist on someone stay them while they are trying to fall asleep, nightmares, stomach aches, nausea and vomiting when separation is anticipated, pleading with parents not to leave, throwing tantrums when parents are about to depart
  • 4% of children and adolescence
45
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective on anxiety disorders

A

anxiety symbolizes unconscious conflicts

46
Q

Cognitive perspective on anxiety disorders

A

cognitive bias in processing info (interpreting ambiguous situations as threatening, expecting negative outcomes, thinking poorly of themselves and their ability to cope and engaging in negative self-talk)

47
Q

Depression in childhood/adolescence

A

depressed children show a greater sense of hopelessness, display more cognitive errors and negative attributions, have lower perceived competence or self-efficacy and have lower self-esteem than do their non depressed peers

2 % of canadian children
no gender difference, but at age 15 girls become 2 x more likely to be depressed (why? because of social pressures)

3/4 children who are depressed between ages 8-13 have a recurrence later in life

48
Q

Attributional style of children with depression

A

internal
stable
global

49
Q

adolescent girls and depression

A

social challenges such as pressure to narrow their interests and pursue feminine activities and develop a more passive style

50
Q

Treatment for depression in children

A

CBT
- social skills training

Antidepressants
- Prozac

51
Q

Factors associated with suicide in children/adolescents

A

Gender: girls more likely to attempt, boys more likely to complete

Age: greatest risk is between 15-24 years

Ethnicity: highest among first nations youth

Depression and helplessness: when combined with low self-esteem

previous suicidal behaviour: 1/4 attempters tend to repeat the behaviour

family problems: present in 75% of cases

Stressful life events: breakup, unwanted pregnancy, arrest, moving, etc.

Substance abuse: addiction

Social contagion: widespread publicity

52
Q

Dementia

A

form of cognitive impairment involving generalized progressive deficits in a person’s memory and learning of new information, ability to communicate, judgment, and motor coordination

  • memory loss and disturbance of executive function are two major losses with dementia
  • the average duration of life after the individual contacts a doctor for a memory problem is out 3.3 years
53
Q

abnormalities characteristic of dementia

A

amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
reduction in neurotransmitters
inflammation of the brain

54
Q

causes of dementia

A 
huntington's and parkinson disease 
head injury
oxygen deprivation 
stroke 
meningitis
55
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

fatal neurogenerative disorder that accounts for the majority of dementia cases (56%)
lack of ACh
- people with a mother with Alzheimers appear to be at the greatest risk for getting the disease
- the diagnosis is not given until after all other potential causes of dementia have been ruled out (i.e. parkinson’s, head damage)

56
Q

Alzheimer’s treatment

A

no cure

some meds slow down the decline in memory, language, and thinking abilities which inhibit the breakdown of ACh

Psychology 239 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions